47 Cards in this Set
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Traits that are affected by only a few genes are called what?
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Simply-inherited traits
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What is the term for chromosomes that have the same or allelic genes with genetic loci usually arranged in the same order? These types of chromosomes are found in the nucleus of each somatic cell of the body.
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Homologous chromosomes
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What is the term for a specific sequence of nucleotides within DNA that codes for a protein?
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Gene
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The ___ of an animal is the observed classification or measured level of performance for a trait of an animal
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Phenotype
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A ____ animal is an animal that has a majority of its pedigree from one breed, wheres a _____ animal is an animal that is of pure lineage within a breed.
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purebred; fullblood
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When the crossbred progeny perform better than the purebred parents, this is called heterosis (hybrid vigor). What is the term for when crossbred progeny perform worse than the purebred parents?
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Outbreeding depression
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There are two fundamental questions that pertain to animal breeding and genetics. What are these fundamental questions?
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1. How are the 'best' male and female animals selected to become parents in the next generation?
2. How will the 'best' males and female animals be mated to produce offspring that are superior in performance than their parents?
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Sequence of nucleic acid in DNA segment. Which nucleic acids match together?
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A & T
C & G
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What breeds of livestock generally are used to produce 1. 'Black baldy' 2. 'Blue butt'
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1. 'Black baldy' crossbred calf is generally produced by mating an angus bull with Hereford female
2. The 'blue butt' crossbred pig is generally produced by mating a hampshire boar with a landrace female.
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What does EPD stand for
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Expected Progeny Difference
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What is the genetic equation? Explain.
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Phenotype = Genotype + Environment
The genetic equation states that the phenotype is dependent on the interaction of the genotype and environment.
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Farm animal livestock pyramid to show how elite genotypes are passed through farm animal livestock industry breeding pyramid.
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Top -Arrow down: Elite Breeders
Arrow down Multiplies
Bottom Arrow down : Commercial producers
Flow of elite genotypes: Arrow moving down
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What category of sex-related inheritance is when the phenotype is due to genes located on the sex chromosomes? An example of this type of sex-related inheritance is the tortoiseshell coloration in cats
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Sex-linked inheritance
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You are a Simmental cattle breeding in west-central MO. You are mating an Angus bull that is homozygous dominant for the black coat color to a Simmental cow that is heterozygous for the black coat color. What is the probability that the calf born to this mating will be homozygous recessiv…
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0%
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The roan coat color in shorthorn cattle is when there is an intermediate mixture of the red and white hairs on the body of the animal, resulting in a reddish/whitish coat color. What is the term used to describe this form of dominance?
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Incomplete and semi-dominance
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There are for ways that allelic frequency can change in a population. Which two ways are the most widely and successfully used methods to change allelic frequencies in a population for livestock producers?
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Selection and migration
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A ____ is the term for a location of a gene on a chromosome.
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Locus
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____ is the term that describes an interaction among genes at different loci such that the expression of genes at one locus is dependent on the alleles present at one or more other loci. An example of this situation is coat color or Labrador retriever dogs where the coat color is determin…
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Epistasis
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There are four forms of dominance in the heterozygous situation. _____ dominance is the form of dominance that exists when the phenotype expressed with the heterozygous genotype more closely resembles (but is not exactly the same as) the phenotype expressed with the homozygous dominant ge…
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Partial
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Traits that are related to fertility and survivability tend to be lowly heritable. What is the numerical range for lowly heritable traits?
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0 to .19
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Which of the following is not one of the three measures of covariation?
1. Covariance
2. Standard deviation
3. Regression
4. Correlation
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Standard deviation
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______ is a measure of the strength of the relationship between performance (phenotypic values) and breeding values for a trait in a population? In other words, this term is a measure of the degree to which offspring resembler their parents in performance for a trait.
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Heritability
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____ is a measure of the strength of the relationship between repeated records for a trait in a population.
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Repeatability
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Explain how variation can be considered good for animal breeders and bad for livestock producers.
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From an animal breeding and genetics standpoint, variation in a group of animals is good because variation with a group of animals provides the animal breeder an opportunity for genetic progress to be made. From a livestock production standpoint, variation in a group of animals can be bad…
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There are four factors affecting the rate of genetic change equation. Which factor measures how 'choosy' breeders are in deciding which animals are selected to be replacements in the herd?
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Selection intensity
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There are three types of correlation that affect correlated response to selection. Which of the following types of correlation is used within the correlated response to selection equation?
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Genetic correlation
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What two factors of the rate of genetic change equation can a livestock producer change to have the most effect in increasing the rate of genetic change?
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Selection intensity and generation interval
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There are two genetic causes of correlated response to selection. ____ deals with homologous recombination which is an example of Mendel's Law of independent assortment. In this situation two genes that are very close together on the chromosome are said to be 'linked' due to their close p…
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Linkage
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There are four traits we tested the UCM Simi bull for using the MVP analysis, which of the following is not one of the four traits we tested for
1. Marbling
2. Tenderness
3. Weaning weight
4. Feed efficiency
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Weaning weight
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In the selection index formula: I=b1x1, what does x1 represent?
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Evidence (Phenotypic information)
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Data can be collected to determine an animal's breeding value using a selection index. _____ data is data that is recorded on the animal's parents and other extended
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Pedigree
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Explain tandem selection using birth weight and weaning weight.
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Tandem selection is the selection of animals for two (tandem) traits per a given period of time. For example, selecting for birth weight and weaning weight in beef cattle using tandem selection. First you select animals based on lowering birth weight down to a certain selection target tha…
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What is the name of the biotechnology procedure that can be used to evaluate multiple sperm cells?
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Flow cytometry analysis
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What is the name of the crossbreeding system that rotates two maternal breeds to produce replacement females and then once the females are mature (4-5 years of age) , they are mated to a male from a terminal breed?
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Rotational/Terminal crossbreeding system
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Genetic engineering (Genetic modification) is the direct manipulation of an organism's DNA using biotechnology. Modern application of genetic engineering involves trying to 'knock-in' or 'knock-out' different ____ into the animal's DNA.
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genes
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Research has shown that the F2 offspring will have a loss of ____ of the hybrid vigor seen in the F1 parents. The loss of hybrid vigor in the F2 offspring is why, generally speaking, the F1 offspring are not used as parents.
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50%
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How is biotechnology used in animal breeding and genetics?
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Biotechnology is used in animal breeding and genetics by attempting to manipulate the genes of the animal. In other words, scientists are trying to find methods of selecting the 'best' genes and gene combinations to use for producing the best quality farm animal livestock.
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When performing the two-breed or three-breed rotational crossbreeding systems, how are the females allocated to the breeding locations? In other words, how do you determine which female is assigned to which breeding location?
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Females are allocated to the breeding locations based on their breed composition. For example: if a female has a low amount of breed A in her pedigree, then she is assigned to the breeding location with the sire from breed A. This is done to increase and/or maintain a hybrid vigor.
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Explain the purpose of the first two breeding groups in the static terminal crossbreeding system and how this is accomplished.
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The purpose of the first breeding groups is to produce the A x B female. This is accomplished in the first breeding group by using a maternal breed to produce purebred replacement females that will be used for breeding groups one and two. In the second breeding group, the replacement fema…
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An alternative form of a gene that occupies the same locus on one of the two chromosomes is called what?
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Allele
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What is the term for the ability of an animal and its corresponding phenotype and genotype to contribute offspring to the next generation? In other words, this term encompasses the ability of the animal to be selected for mating based on its phenotype and genotype to be fertile
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Fitness
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Which two groups of the farm animal livestock breeding pyramid are considered 'seed stock' producers?
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Multipliers and elite breeds
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Traits that are affected by many genes are called what?
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Polygenic traits
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Somatic cells have the chromosomes in pairs. What is the term that refers to cells that have chromosomes in pairs?
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Diploid
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The phenotype of an animal is observed classification or measured level of performance for a _____ of an animal.
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Trait
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Define 'Fullblood' and 'Purebred'
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Fullblood animal is an animal that is of pure lineage within a breed.
A purebred animal is an animal that has a majority of its pedigree from one breed.
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Which two ways are the most widely and successfully used methods to change allelic frequencies in a population for livestock producers?
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Selection and migration
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BIOL 1005: FORAGES