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UCM BIOL 1005 - Water

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BIOL 1005 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Acid DepositionII. Nitric AcidIII. Sulfuric AcidIV. Acid Deposition and HumansV. Acid Deposition and Aquatic SystemVI. Ozone LayerVII. UV EffectsVIII. How Ozone FiltersIX. So What Is The Problem?X. Ozone “Hole”XI. Global WarmingXII. Spaceship EarthXIII. Adding Carbon DioxideXIV. Result?XV. Probable EffectsOutline of Current Lecture I. The Water IssueII. Unconfined AquiferIII. Confined AquiferIV. Human Influence on the Hydrologic CycleV. Agriculture Water UseVI. Industrial Water UseVII. DamsVIII. Kinds and Sources of Water PollutionIX. Toxic TidesX. Groundwater PollutionXI. Watery Quality TodayXII. Wastewater TreatmentCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. The Water Issue- 70% of earth’s surface is covered by water.- Potable: Unpolluted, fresh water, suitable for drinking.o Fresh Water = 3%o Shortages can be directly attributed to human-induced water pollution. WHO estimates 25% of world population does not have access to safe drinking water.- All water is locked into a constant recycling process—Hydrologic Cycle.o Solar energy evaporates water.o Evapotranspiration—Plants giving off water.o Warm, moist air rises, cools, condenses, and falls as precipitation.o Some precipitation remains on the surface and evaporates, while most sinks into the soil or returns to the oceans.- Groundwater—Water entering the soil is either taken up by plant roots or moves downward until it reaches an impervious layer of rock, and accumulates in porous strata called an aquifer.II. Unconfined Aquifer- Aquifer—Porous soil saturated with water.o Unconfined Aquifer—Usually near land’s surface. Lower boundary is impermeable layer of clay or rock. Water at atmospheric pressure and recharged by rainfall and percolation. Water Table—Top layer. Vadose Zone (Zone of Aeration)—Area above water table unsaturated with water.III. Confined Aquifer- Confined Aquifer—(Artesian) Bounded on top and bottom by impermeable layer.o Water stored under high pressure and recharged from a geologic rechargezone. Aquiclude—Impervious confining layer. Aquitard—Permeable confining layer. Porosity—Measure of size and number of species in the substrate.IV. Human Influence on the Hydrologic Cycle- Runoff and infiltration rate are greatly influenced by human activity.- Major concern in many urban areas is transportation of storm water.o Water Withdrawal—Withdrawing water and returning it to its original source.o Water Consumption—Withdrawing water and incorporating it into a product, or otherwise moving it to another area, so it does not make it back to original source.V. Agricultural Water Use- Four common irrigation methods:o Surface / Floodo Sprayo Trickleo Sub-irrigationVI. Industrial Water Use- Accounts for nearly 50% of all water withdrawal in U.S., and 23% worldwide.- 90% of water used by industry is for cooling, and is returned to the source.o Very little actually consumed.o Most processes involve heat exchange.- Water used to dissipate and transport waste.o Stream and lake degradation.VII. Dams- Although hydroelectric dams control flooding and create electricity, they have drawbacks.o High construction costs.o Habitat destruction (above and below dam).o Retard stream flow and silt deposition.o Impounded water has elevated evaporation rate.o Retard scouring effects of flooding.  Reduced habitat regeneration.VIII. Kinds and Sources of Water Pollution- Dissolved organic matter is a significant water pollution problem.o Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Amount of oxygen required to decay a certain amount of organic matter. If too much organic matter is added, all available oxygen will be used up.- Anaerobic bacteria begins to break-down waste.- Nutrients can also be a pollution problem.o Eutrophication—Excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants due to added nutrients.- Particulate matter can also affect quality.- Pollution Sources:o Point—Source of pollution readily located and identified. Municipal and industrial waste discharge pipes.o Non-Point—Diffuse pollutants. Agricultural runoff- Municipal Water Pollution- Wastes from homes consists primarily of organic matter from garbage, food production, and human waste.o Fecal Coliform Bacteria—Generic term for bacteria found in warm-blooded animal intestines.o Numbers and types of bacteria present are directly related to amount of fecal matter entering system.IX. Municipal Water Pollution- At one time, many detergents contained phosphates which contributed to eutrophication.o Eliminated from most major detergents since 1994.- Pharmaceuticals, hormones, insecticides, caffeine, cholesterol, and coprostanol, among other chemicals, also found in municipal water discharge.X. Agricultural Water Pollution- Excessive fertilizer use may lead to eutrophication in many aquatic habitats.o Runoff from animal feedlots carries nutrients, organic matter, and bacteria.- Agricultural runoff from large, open expanses is major source of water pollution.o Leave conservation buffer.o Keep soil covered with crop.o Control amount and timing of fertilizer application.XI. Toxic Tides- Excessive nutrients support blooms of deadly aquatic microorganisms in pollutedwaters.o Increasingly common where nutrients and wastes wash down rivers. Pfiesteria piscicida is a poisonous dinoflagellate recognized as killer of fish and shellfish.XII. Groundwater Pollution- Major Sources:o Agricultural Productso Underground Storage Tankso Landfillso Septic Tankso Surface ImpoundmentsXIII. Water Quality Today- Areas of Progresso Clean Water Act (1972) established a National Pollution Discharge System which requires a permit for any entity dumping wastes in surface waters. In 1999, EPA reported 91.4% of all monitored river miles and 87.5% of all accessed lake acres are suitable for their designated uses.- Most progress due to municipal sewage treatment facilities.XIV. Wastewater Treatment- Primary Treatment o Removes large particles via filtration and then pumps remaining water into settling ponds and lakes.o After settling, water is drawn off the top, and although devoid of large particulate matter, it still has a heavy load of organic matter, dissolved salts, bacteria, and microorganisms.- Facilities designed to degrade organic matter by promoting


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