80 Cards in this Set
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_____ are the only green algae that share four characteristics (distinctive traits) with land plants, strongly suggesting they are the closest relatives of plants, what are the four characteristics?
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Charophytes;
1.Rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes - produce microfibrils of the cell walls
2.Peroxisome enzymes - minimize photorespiration losses
3.Same sperm structure (flagellated)
4.Formation of a phragmoplast in mitosis - microtubules / vesicles in synthesis of cell…
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The life cycles of all land plants alternate between two generations of multicellular organisms, what are they?
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gametophytes and sporophytes
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In plant life cycles (land), each generation gives rise to the other (alternating), what is this process called?
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Alternation of generation
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what is the difference between alternation of generations in plants and the haploid/diploid stages of life cycles in other sexually reproducing organisms?
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Alternation of generations is distinguished by the fact that the life cycle includes both multicellular haploid organisms and multicellular diploid organisms.
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What are the names of the two multicellular generations of the plant life cycle refer to the reproductive cells they produce. What are the two and why are they named what they are?
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1. Gametophyte - production by mitosis of haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) that fuse during fertilization, forming diploid zygotes.
2. Sporophyte - mitotic division of the zygote produces a multicellular diploid sporophyte. Meiosis in a mature sporophyte produces haploid spores
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Reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell are called?
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Spores
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List the steps of Alternation of Generation:
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1. The gametophyte (n) produces haploid (n) gametes by Mitosis.
2. Two haploid (n) gametes unite (one from another plant and one from current plant) "fertilization" and form a diploid zygote.
3. The zygote develops into a multicellular diploid sporophyte (2n).
4. The sporophyte produce…
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The process by which gametes, in plants, are produced?
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Gametogenesis
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In organisms that have alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form, that produces haploid gametes by Mitosis?
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Gametophyte
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After haploid gametes are produced, they unite and develop into?
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Sporophytes
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As part of a life cycle with alternation of generations, multicellular embryos develop from zygotes that are retained within tissues of the female parent. The parental tissues provide the developing embryo with?
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Nutrients, such as sugars and amino acids
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The multicellular, dependent embryo of land plants is such a significant derived trait that land plants are also known as?
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embryophytes
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____ are haploid (n) reproductive cells that can grow into multicellular haploid (n) gametophytes by mitosis.
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plant spores
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This tough polymer makes the walls of plant spores tough and resistant to harsh environments?
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sporopollenin
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The multicellular organs of a sporophyte that produce the spores are called?
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sporangia (singular, sporangium)
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The diploid (2n) cells within a sporangium that undergo meiosis and generate the haploid (n) spores are called? what is another term for this?
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Sporocytes or spore mother cells.
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which part of the sporangium will protect the developing spores until they are released into the air?
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Outer Tissues
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which part of the sporangium will protect the developing spores until they are released into the air?
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Outer Tissues
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The production of gametes within multicellular organs are called?
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Gametangia
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The female gametangia are called?
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Archegonia (singular, archegonium)
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The pear shaped organ that produces a single nonmotile egg retained within the bulbous part of the organ (top part in a liverwort) is called?
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Archegonium
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The male gametangia that produce sperm and release them into the environment are called?
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Antheridia (singular, antheridium)
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Plants can not move, but their roots and shoots can elongate, which increases exposure to resources. This growth in length is sustained throughout the plant's life by the activity of?
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Apical Meristems
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Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots. Cells produced by this ____ differentiate into the outer epidermis, which protects the body, and various types internal tissues.
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Apical Meristems
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_____ generate leaves in most plants?
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Shoot Apical Meristems
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In charophytes (b/c they are algae that live in shallow water) a tough polymer layer of ______ prevents exposed zygotes from drying out?
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Sporopollenin
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The four traits that separate land plants from algae ancestors (and are considered "derived traits" of land plants) are? Will every land plant exhibit all four of these traits, why or why not?
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1. Alternation of generations
2. Multicellular, dependent embryos
3. Multicellular gametangia
4. Apical Meristems
Not every land plant will exhibit all of these traits b/c certain lineages lost some traits over time
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The epidermis, of many plant species, has a covering which consists of polyester and wax polymers that act as: waterproofing, helps prevent excessive water loss from above ground organs, and also provides some protection from microbial attack, what is this?
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Cuticle
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This part of a plant forms extensive networks of filaments through the soil, which enables them to absorb nutrients more effectively than a plant can on its own. The nutrients are transferred to the symbiotic plant partner?
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Mycorrhizae Fungi (a benefit that MAY have helped plants without roots colonize)
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Many land plants produce molecules called _____, named this because they are products of side branches off the primary metabolic pathways that produce lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and other cmpds common to all organisms.
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Secondary Compounds
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The ten phyla of Extant Plants (plants with surviving members & extinct members) are divided into three clades, what are they?
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1. Nonvascular Plants
2. Vascular Plants
3. Seed Plants
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Cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body are called?
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Vascular Tissue
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Most plants have a complex vascular tissue system and are therefore called vascular plants, but some do not have an extensive transport system and these are referred to as? List some that do not have an extensive transport system:
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Bryophytes
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses (though some mosses have simple vascular tissue)
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What are some traits that Bryophytes share with vascular plants? What do Bryophytes lack that vascular plants do not?
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multicellular embryos and apical meristems
Lacking roots and true leaves
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What is a monophyletic group?
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A taxa that all have a common ancestor and its descendants, a clade
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What is a paraphyletic group?
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a taxa that have a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants
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Vascular plants which form a clade that comprises approximately ____% of all plant species, can be further categorized into smaller clades:
1. club mosses and their relatives?
2. ferns and their relatives?
The plants in each of these two clades lack what? So they are referred to as?
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93%
1. Lycophytes - Club mosses/relatives
2. Pterophytes - Ferns/relatives
They both lack SEEDS so are referred to as Seedless Vascular plants
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A collection of organisms that share a common level of biological organization or adaptation is called?
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Grade (seedless vascular plants are referred to as this)
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An embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat is called a?
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seed
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Seed plants are divided into two groups:
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Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
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These are grouped together as "naked seeds" because their seeds are not enclosed in chambers. The most familiar example of this is?
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Gymnosperms; Conifers
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These consist of all flowering plants. The seeds develop inside chambers called ovaries, which originate within flowers and mature into fruits?
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Angiosperms
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Nearly 90% of living plant species are?
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Angiosperms
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In the all three bryophyte phyla, which are the dominant stage of the life cycle?
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Gametophytes
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In the bryophyte phyla, which stage of the life cycle lives the longest? Which is the largest?
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Gametophytes; Gametophytes
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This has a large surface area that enhances absorption of water and minerals, they are branched one-cell-thick filaments that in favorable conditions can produce one or more "buds" (bud-like)?
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Protonema
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In a protonema, each bud-like growth has an apical meristem that generates a gamete-producing structure known as?
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Gametophore
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What makes up the body of a moss gametophyte?
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A protonema and one or more gametophores
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______ gametophytes usually form ground-hugging carpets, partly because their body parts are too thin to support a tall plant.
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Bryophyte
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List two reasons as to why a bryophyte gametophyte is constrained in growth (height)?
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1. body parts are too thin to support a tall plant
2. the absence of vascular tissue (which would enable long-distance transport of water and nutrients)
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the gametophytes in bryophytes are anchored by long, tubular single cells (in liverworts & hornworts) or filaments of cells (in mosses), that, unlike roots, are not composed of tissues, these are called?
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Rhizoids
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T/F: Some bryophyte gametophytes can be bisexual?
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True
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Give an example for each of the Bryophyte phylum:
Phylum Bryophyta
Phylum Anthocerophyta
Phylum Hepatophyta
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1. Moss (bryophyta)
2. Hornworts (anthocerophyta)
3. Liverworts (hepatophyta)
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Bryophyte sperm require this to reach the eggs?
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Water (or film of water)
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Because of the requirement that bryophyte sperm have to reach the egg, many bryophyte species are found where?
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In moist habitats
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Bryophyte sporophytes are green and photosynthetic when they are young, are they able to live independently?
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No, they remain attached to their parental gametophytes, from which they absorb sugars, aminos, minerals and water
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Which plant group has the smallest sporophytes of any other extant plant group?
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Bryophytes
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A typical bryophyte sporophyte consists of:
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a foot, a seta, and a sporangium
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Embedded in the archegonium, this (body part of a bryophyte sporophyte) absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte?
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Foot
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This (body part of a bryophyte sporophyte) conducts nutrients to the sporangium? What is another name for this part?
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Seta; Stalk
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This (body part of a bryophyte sporophyte) is also called a sporangium and uses nutrients obtained from the seta to produce spores by meiosis?
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Capsule
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The upper part of a capsule features a ring of interlocking tooth-like structures that open under dry conditions and close under moist conditions, what is this tooth-like structure called?
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Peristome
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How are spores discharged in bryphyte sporophytes?
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Through the peristome which discharge (open when dry / close when moist) the spores gradually, via periodic gusts of wind
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what are the main avenues from which water evaporates from a bryophyte sporophyte, also, in hot conditions, this closes in order to minimize water loss?
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stomata
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What is the deepest branching lineage of land plants?
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Liverworts
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This has distributed the lightweight spores of mosses throughout the world?
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Wind
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T/F: mosses are unable to live in dry or very cold climates?
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False, moss live on mountaintops, tundras, & deserts.
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How are mosses able to grow in deserts?
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They can survive the loss of most of their body water, then rehydrate when moisture is available.
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Plants that use other plants as a substrate but are not parasites are called?
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Epiphytes
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What were the first plants to grow tall?
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Ferns and other seedless vascular plants
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In all nonvascular plants, and in ferns, the sperm are _____ and must swim through a film of water to reach the eggs.
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Flagellated
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List the steps of the Moss lifecycle:
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1. Spores develop into threadlike protonema
2. Haploid protonema produce buds that grow into gametophytes (separate buds for female / male)
3. Antheridia produces haploid sperm / Archegonia produces haploid eggs
3. Sperm must swim through film of water
4. Fertilization occurs in Arche…
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Among the Nonvascular plants which generation is dominant?
Which is dominant under living vascular plants?
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Gametophytes; Sporophytes
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What are the two types (recognized) of living seedless vascular plants?
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Lycophytes; Pterophytes
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This is an adaptation that allows for the dispersal of male gametes?
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Pollen grains
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This usually consists of a mature ovary, a pea pod is an example of this?
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Fruit
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Angiosperm belongs to which phylum?
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Anthophyta
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Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
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within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
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A fruit is most commonly
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a mature ovary
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With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count?
egg - n
megaspore - 2n
microspore - n
zygote - 2n
sperm - n
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megaspore - should be (n)
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BY 124: CHAPTER 32