BY 124: CHAPTER 35
42 Cards in this Set
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root system
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all of a plants roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food
below the surface
minerals and water
storage
anchorage
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shoot system
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the aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves and flowers
above the surface
carbon dioxide and sunlight
photosynthetic
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root
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underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes
anchors plant
storage of nutrients
water and minerals enter here
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lateral root
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branch root that form from other roots
help form a system of roots to take advantage of water sources and mineral deposits
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adventitious, taproot, and fibrous
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what are the 3 types of roots?
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tap root
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a single thick root that grows straight down. it can reach water that is deep in the ground. stores food for the plant (ex. carrot)
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Adventitious Root
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Forms from other parts of root, arise from stems or leaves, not other roots. (ex strawberry)
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fibrous root
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a mat of threadlike roots that spread out below the surface of the soil to maximize exposure to water and minerals; (ex. grasses)
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Root Hairs
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tiny hair-like structures that increase surface area of the root allowing more water/nutrient absorption in the roots
provide little anchorage
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stem
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organ that raises or separates leaves, exposing them to sunlight
raises reproductive structures
alternating system of nodes and internodes
apical dominance
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nodes
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points at which leaves are attached
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internodes
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segments between nodes
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axillary bud
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a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem
grow very slowly
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apical bud
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a bud at the tip of a plant stem; also called a terminal bud
composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes
bud that provides increase in height (primary growth)
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apical dominance
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concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth
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leaf
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the main organ of of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants
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eudicot
monocot
single
compound
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branched veins in ___
parallel veins in ___
___ - single undivided blade
___ - a leaf blade that consists of multiple leaflets
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blade
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thin, flattened section of a plant leaf that collects sunlight
joins the leaf at the node
in the axil (upper angle) formed by each stem and this is an axillary bud
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petiole
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the slender stem that supports the blade of the leaf
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veins
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vascular tissue of leaves
vascular tissue needed to provide leaves water and nutrients for photosynthesis and to carry the products of photosynthesis around the plant
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epidermis
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the protective covering of plants; generally a single layer of tightly packed epidermal cells covering leaves, roots, and stems
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cuticle
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waxy covering of the leaves and sometimes stems that prevents water loss
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periderm
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the protective covering that replaces the epidermis in secondary growth
forms cork & cork cambium
dead tissue
comes from ground meristem
protects against water and disease
part of the "bark" of a tree - the secondary phloem included
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vascular tissue
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important in transport of water, minerals & photosynthetic products
also important in the support of the plant
two types: xylem and phloem
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xylem
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type of vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from the roots to the shoots
dead at maturity
carries water one way-cohesion, adhesion, and root pressure
has two cell types: tracheids and vessel elements
forms vascular bundles with the phloem
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cohesion adhesion
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___ helps the transport of water against gravity in plants
___ the attraction between different substances
ex. between water molecules and plant cell walls
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tracheids
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type of water conducting cell that is tubular and elongated while dead at functional maturity
in the xylem of ALL vascular plants
secondary walls (lignified)-interrupted by pits (thin regions where only primary walls are present)
water migrates laterally through the pits
long, thin ce…
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Vessel elements
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•wider, shorter, thinner walled& less tapered
•perforated ends (no primary wallpresent) walls allows free water flow
only angiosperms have these
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phloem
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vascular tissue that transports sucrose and some mineral ions
shoot to root-storage of photosynthetic products
-root to shoot-need for the stored sugars to promote growth
alive at maturity
2 types of cells: sieve tube cells and companion cells
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sieve-tube cell
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no nucleus or organelles
stacked end to end
have pores
conduct minerals and nutrients
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companion cells
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phloem cell that coordinates function of sieve-tube cells (and helps keep them alive)
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stele
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the usually cylindrical central vascular portion of the axis of a vascular plant
arrangement varies between root and stem and monocot and eudicot
xylem, phloem, and pericycle
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ground tissue
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usually parenchyma cells
located between dermal and vascular tissues
does photosynthesis, storage and supports
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Pith
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central column usually
ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue
found in the center of the stem or root
internal to the xylem (the vascular tissues)
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cortex
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spongy layer of ground tissue just inside the epidermis of a root
used for storage
(ground tissue external to the vascular tissue)
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parenchyma cells
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least specialized
no secondary cell wall
thin, primary cell wall
holds water and stores nutrients in large central vacuole
does most of metabolism (to support plant)
when they mature they usually dont divide
retain the ability to divide and differentiate
participate in wound repair…
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collenchyma cells
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more rigid primary cell walls
no secondary cell walls
no lignin
important in support of young plants and stems of nonwoody (herbaceous) plants
capable of elongation
flexible support without restraining growth
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sclerenchyma cells
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have secondary cell walls containing lignin (cant elongate because of this)
dead tissue but can still be functional and are important in support
found in areas that have stopped growing
2 forms: sclereid cells and fiber cells
cell type specialized entirely for support and strengthenin…
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sclereid cells
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boxy cell type with very thick, lignified secondary walls that impart hardness to nutshells and seed coats
-type of sclerenchyma cell
cell type specialized entirely for support and strengthening
-shorter than fibers
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fiber cells
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long, slender and tapered cell that is often grouped in strands
schlerenchyma cell type
specialized entirely for support and strengthening
much longer and wider than sclerids
reinforces the xylem and functions in mechanical support
slender; tapered; usually occurs in bundles
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indeterminate growth
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plant growth that occurs throughout the plants life and is not limited to an embryonic or juvenile period
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determinate growth
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growth that stops once the organism has reached a certain size
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BY 124: CHAPTER 32