FSHD 257: EXAM 2
40 Cards in this Set
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Approximately what percent of U.S. adults are single today?
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· 48% of all U.S. residents ages 18 and older are single
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What is the sex ratio of men to women today?
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· 89 single men to every 100 single women
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What is singlism?
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Depaul considers such myths and stereotypes evidence of what she calls singlism.
Singlism, (like racism, sexism, heteroism) embodies stereotyping, discrimination, and negative, dismissive treatment, though without the segregation, hatred, and violence that other, more “brutally stigmatiz…
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What are some of the myths and misconceptions about singles/unmarried people?
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All singles, especially single women, want to be coupled.
Singles are miserably lonely, bitter, and envious of their coupled friends.
Singles are self-centered and immature.
Single women will someday regret not having married and not having families.
Single men are frequently portraye…
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What is matrimania? Is this true in all cultures?
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Matrimania is “the over-the-top hyping of marriage and coupling.”
The matrimania myth glorifies marriage as “the gold standard,” which offers the power to transform an immature single into a mature spouse- to create commitment, sacrifice, selflessness, intimacy, and loyalty where none ex…
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What is cohabitation?
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· An arrangement where two people who are not married live in the same household in an emotionally and/or sexually intimate relationship on a long-term or permanent basis
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How has cohabitation increased over the last 20 years? Is this true for all ethnic/racial groups?
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Cohabitation is no longer as much of a moral issue as it once was; has become a relatively accepted lifestyle
Sexuality is more liberal than it was a decade ago; important part of life whether married or not
Since divorce is more common, people may no longer think of marriage as permane…
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How has cohabitation increased over the last 20 years? Is this true for all ethnic/racial groups?
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Black/Hispanic are more likely to cohabit b/c they grew up in cohabiting household; also more likely to get pregnant
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How has cohabitation increased over the last 20 years? Age groups? Socioeconomic groups?
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Socioeconomic groups: cohabitation is more likely among those with less education and with men with less income
Children with divorce parents/nontraditional lifestyle are more likely to cohabit
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Is this trend expected to continue?
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Cohabiting is expected to increase
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What factors help explain the increase in cohabitation?
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Cohabitation is no longer as much of a moral issue as it once was; has become a relatively accepted lifestyle
Sexuality is more liberal than it was a decade ago; important part of life whether married or not
Since divorce is more common, people may no longer think of marriage as permane…
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What are the various types of cohabitation?
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1. Substitutes or alternatives for marriage; partners are not engaged and have no intention or expectation to marry but they do anticipate staying together
2. Precursors to marriage; partners share an expectation that eventually they will marry (these couples may get engaged before or …
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What are the various types of cohabitation?
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3. Trial marriages; the motive for living together is to assess whether partners have sufficient compatibility to successfully enter marriage; cohabit in hope to determine whether they should proceed to marry
4. Coresidential dating; the relationship is more like a serious boyfrien…
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Does the birth of a child affect the cohabiting relationship?
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May feel pressured to marry; however this likelihood may fade
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What are some of the various outcomes for children with cohabitating parents?
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Cohabiting parents may refuse to provide support on their children’s education than married parents.
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Cohabitation and remarriage
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Half of those who remarry after a divorce cohabit before remarrying
Post-divorce cohabitation is now more common than premarital cohabitation
Marital quality and happiness appear to be lower among post-divorce (pre-marriage) cohabitators.
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Which is more common – post-divorce cohabitation or pre-marriage cohabitation?
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Post-divorce cohabitation
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Approximately what percent of those who remarry cohabitate?
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Half
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How do cohabitation and marriage compare?
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Marriages begin with spouses pledging a lifelong commitment to each other
Living together tends to be a more temporary arrangement than marriage.
Cohabitates are less certain of a lifetime together and tend to live more autonomous lives.
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What is serial cohabitation?
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When individuals have cohabited with more than one partner in their life and are more likely to have problematic outcomes
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What does “family of choice” refer to?
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The Gay are “acting in creative ways to plan families, keep them together, and redefine what it means to ‘do family.’”
Gay men and Lesbians construct families of choice, whose boundaries are fluid and cross household lines.
People who are there for you; provide support and assistance
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What is common law marriage?
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Before the 19th century, U.S. couples who lived toether without marrying would enter what is known as a common law marriage.
A couple who “lived as husband and wife and presented themselves as marriage” was considered married.
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Selecting a Partner:
What is homogamy?
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Homogamy (positive assortative mating): the tendency to choose a mate whose personal or group characteristics are similar to ours
-Most important components are race, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, age, & personality
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What is endogamy? Exogamy?
How do these influence partner selection?
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Endogamy: expectation to marry within one’s social group (race, religion, social class); strengthen groups structure
Exogamy: expectation to marry outside one’s own family group and outside our sex.
Although we may believe we are free to become involved with /marry whomever we want- cul…
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What is meant by the marriage squeeze?
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Marriage squeeze: the gender imbalance reflected in the ratio of available unmarried women and men
Because of imbalance, members of one gender tend to be “squeezed” out of the marriage market
Significantly more unmarried men than women
However, once ethnicity is taken into consideratio…
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What is Mating Gradient?
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the tendency for women to marry men of higher status; although we tend to marry those with the same socioeconomic status and cultural background, men tend to marry women slightly below them in age, education, etc.
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What percent of new relationships begin online?
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20% of all new relationships begin online
Online dating is moving from the Web to mobile devices-apps
Speed-Dating: involved the concept of the eight-minute date; saves time because it allows daters to meet face to face w/o burning up a whole evening
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What are some of the motivations and reasons for people to marry?
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-Married couples are better off financially than those living in all other types of households
-Marriage has benefits in economic well-being (higher income, greater productivity, etc.), physical and mental health, and personal happiness.
-Marriages show less psychological distress, …
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Attitudinally, is marriage still valued today?
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Marriage remains highly valued, even with increased acceptance of divorce and non-marital lifestyles.
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What is the “retreat from marriage”?
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-Evident in such recent and ongoing trends as older age in first marriage for both women and men, more people never marrying, significant increases in cohabitation and non-marital births, and continued high divorce rates
-“marriage has been in retreat for more than a generation”
-ap…
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What role does religion play in marriage? (p.283)
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-Religious homogamy has a strong effect on marital quality
-Marital conflict is higher among couples with differences in religious beliefs
-Religious homogamy unites spouses who have similar values, thus strengthening their commitment and giving them a unified approach to marital an…
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What role does religion play in marriage? (p.283)
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-Most religions oppose interreligious marriage b/c they believe that it weakens individual commitment to the faith.
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Is it better or worse for couples to share the same religious beliefs? In general, how does sharing religious beliefs or not sharing beliefs impact the marital relationship?
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Better for couples to share the same religious beliefs
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What are the benefits of a “good” marriage?
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Healthful and stabilizing effects
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Do we see these same benefits in not-so-good marriages?
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Unhappily married lowers one’s happiness, life-satisfaction, and low self esteem and is associated with poorer overall health
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According to both the text and video, does the age at which people marry influence its success?
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The age in which couples marry have less effect as people age further into adulthood; there are few differences in success between those who marry in their 20’s and those who marry in their 30’s
The longer you date and are engaged to someone, the more likely you are to discover whether y…
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What are the 3 types of marital commitment? How does social context affect marriage (p.299)
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1. Personal commitment: the degree to which one wishes to stay married to his or her spouse’ affected by how strongly one is attracted to one’s spouse, how attractive one’s relationship is, and how ventral the relationship is to one’s concept of self.
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What are the 3 types of marital commitment? How does social context affect marriage (p.299)
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2. Moral commitment: The feeling of being “morally obligated” to stay in a relationship, resulting from
-One’s sense of personal obligation (“I promised to stay with you forever and I will”)
-The values one has about the lifelong nature of the marriage (a “relationship type ob…
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What are the 3 types of marital commitment? How does social context affect marriage (p.299)
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3. Structural commitment: This is our awareness and assessment of alternatives, our sense of the reactions of others and the pressures they may put on us, the difficulty we perceive in ending and exiting from a relationship, and the feeling that we have made “irretrievable investments” in…
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What are the “4 most important ingredients” to a marital success (long lasting marriage)? (p. 305)
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1. Having a spouse who is a best friend and whom you like as a person
2. Believing in marriage as a long-term commitment and sacred institution
3. Consensus on such fundamentals as aims and goals and philosophy of life
4. Shared humor
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Study Guide: Exam 2