FSHD 257 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Chapters 1-5Chapter 1- Definitions:o Household: census definition: “one or more people – everyone living in a housingunit makes up a household.”o Nuclear family: consisting of mother, father, and childreno Traditional family: a mostly middle-class version of the nuclear family in which women’s primary roles are wife and mother and men’s primary roles are husband and breadwinner o Extended family: Consists of grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and in-lawso Affiliated kin: unrelated individual who feel and are treated as if they were relativeso Kinship system: The social organization of the family that is based on the right reciprocal rights and obligations of different family members o Family of orientation: the family in which we grew up in (the family in which we were born into)o Family of procreation: the family formed through marriage or child bearing o Family of cohabitation: the family formed through living or cohabitating with another person - Features of marriage: marriage differs among cultures, but overall these characteristics seem to stay the same: o The establishment of rights and obligations connected to gender, sexuality, relationships with kin and in-laws, and legitimacy of children. o The establishment of specific roles within the wider community and society o The orderly transfer of wealth and property from one generation to the next o The assignment of the responsibility for caring for and socializing children to the spouses or their relatives - Forms of marriage: o Monogamy: the practice of having only one spouse at a given timeo Polygamy: the practice of having 2 or more spouses at a time Polyandry: two wives Polygyny: two husbands (very rare, usually coexists with a scarcity of land,property, and an imbalanced ratio of men to women - Functions of marriage: o Provision of intimacy, formation of a cooperative economic unit, reproduction and socialization, and the assignment of social roles and status - Constructions of contemporary family lifeo Conservative: Cultural values have shifted which has resulted in major changes infamily lifeo Liberal: Changes are not a sign of decline, rather changing family patterns are products of wider social and economic changes o Centrist: Believe some changes have had negative consequences, but also identify wider social changes as contributors to family change- Know the recent trend in families: cohabitation, marriage, separation and divorce, remarriages, and age populationChapter 2- Define:o Theory: Sets of general principles or concepts used to explain a phenomenon andto make predictions that may be tested and verified experimentallyo Concepts: Abstract ideas that we give to represent reality (ex: love, socialization, monogamy)o Operationalization: How we measure concepts o Independent variable: A variable that is thought to influence another one (causeschange)o Dependent variable: A variable that is impacted by changes in the independent variableo Mediating variable: Variables that are affected by the independent variable and in turn affect the dependent variableo Hypotheses: Predictions about the relationships between variableso Quantitative data: deals with large quantities of informationo Qualitative data: in-depth study of smaller groups of people are individualso Secondary data analysis: involves reanalyzing data originally collected for anotherpurpose- Survey – data collection method o Advantages: Uses questionnaires or interviews, secondary data anaylsis o Disadvantages: They don’t allow for in-depth analysis. Are they representative? Do participants understand their own behavior? Or are participants responding in socially desirable ways?- Experiment – data collection methodo Advantages: two defining characteristics – 1. Manipulation of the independent variable 2. Control over extraneous variables o Disadvantages: Interactive effects occur in real life. We may respond differently to people in real life than we do in controlled situations- Observational – data collection methodo Advantages: Direct observationo Disadvantages: When participants know they are being observed, they may hide or suppress unflattering or inappropriate behaviors when the observer is present.The observer might bring their own biases into what they see and how they interpret what they see - Macro-level Theories: Focus on the family as a social institution (family ecology theory, structural functionalism, conflict theory, & feminist theory)- Micro-level theories: Emphasize what happens within families, looking at everyday behavior, interaction between family members patterns of communication, etc. (symbolic interactionism, social exchange theory, developmental theory, & family systems theory)- Ecological Theory: families are influenced by and must adapt to environments- Symbolic Interaction Theory: family life acquires meaning for family members and depends on the meanings they attach - Social Exchange Theory: individuals seek to maximize rewards, minimize costs, and achieve equitable relationships - Family Development Theory: families undergo predictable changes over time and across stages - Conflict Theory: family life is shaped by social inequality. Within families, as within all groups, members compete for scarce resources (e.g., attention, time, power, and space)- Family Systems Theory: families are systems that function and must be understood on that level - Feminist Theory: gender affects our experiences of and within families. Gender inequality shapes how women and men experience families. Families perpetuate genderdifferencesChapter 3- Basic differences between…o Colonial families  Native American families: 2 million Native Americans, 240+ groups, most patrilineal, most families were small, high child mortality rate, average age of marriage: girls: 12-15, boys: 15-20  Colonial families: family is the primary unit for producing goods and caring for its members (large families – average of 6 kids per family), arranged marriages, patriarchal families, bundling, no concept of childhood  African-American Families: Enslaved Africans & descendants faced difficulty forming & maintaining families, strong emotional bonds and family tieso Nineteenth century families Industrialization transformed families – wage-earning & increasingly urban Family focused on feelings  Love as the basis of marriage Women could