FSHD257 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Chapter 3: Variations in American Families a. American families across timeb. The colonial erac. Nineteenth-century marriages and families d. Twentieth-century marriages and families e. Aspects of Contemporary families f. Factors promoting changeg. How contemporary families differ from one another h. Class and family lifei. Definitions j. African-American familiesk. Hispanic families l. Asian-American families m. Native American families n. European ethnic familiesOutline of Current Lecture II. Chapter 4: Gender and Family a. Terminologyb. Studying Genderc. Believing in Gender Differencesd. Gender Socializatione. Learning Gender Roles and Playing Gendered RolesCurrent LectureI. Chapter 4: Gender and Family a. Terminologyi. Sex: who we are biologicallyii. Gender: how one sees oneself 1. Multidimensional and largely acquired iii. In research: sex differences and gender differences are difficult to disentangle b. Gender and inequalityi. Inequality between females and malesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Most societies, both past and present, have been characterized by genderstratification.iii. The majority are considered patriarchies iv. In the U.S.1. Politically women are underrepresented2. Women earn less money3. Second shif4. Table 4.1v. Gender Identity 1. Sense of ourselves as a certain gendera. Transgender: when individuals develop gender identities that differ from their biological sex characteristics b. Transvestites: cross-dressers c. Intersexed: people who are born with sexual anatomy that are not considered male or female vi. Gendered Roles1. The role of a person is expected to preform as a result of being male or female in a popular culture 2. Instrumental traits: task-oriented talents 3. Expressive traits: emotional skills 4. Gender Roles were originally thought of as one-dimension (polar opposites)5. Androgyny: possessing both instrumental and expressive traits vii. Gender stereotypes1. Belief that males and females possess distinct psychological and behavioral traitsviii. Believing in Gender Differences 1. Culturally, we tend to view the genders as dichotomous 2. Men and women are more similar than different 3. Innate differences between ♀ & ♂ are generally minimal. Differences are encouraged by socialization 4. Multiple versions of masculinity and femininityix. Gender Roles1. Instrumental traits: task-oriented talents 2. Expressive traits: emotional skills 3. Gender Roles were originally thought of as one-dimension (polar opposites)4. Androgyny: possessing both instrumental and expressive traits a. Androgyny is associated withi. Less depressionii. Flexibilityiii. Greater resilience to stress x. Gender Theory1. Begins with two assumptionsa. Male-female relationships are characterized by power issues.b. Society is constructed in such a way that males dominate females.2. Focuses on:a. How specific behaviors or roles are defined as male or female b. How labor is divided into man’s work and woman’s work, both at home and in the workplacec. How different institutions bestow advantages on men 3. Social construction of fender4. Doing gendera. Rather then gender being something that we are. b. Rather then believing that through interactions, we are constructing gender5. Gender as asocial structure6. Intersectionality xi. Theories 1. Social learning theory (Albert Bandura)a. Learning through regards, punishment and modeling b. Observational learning 2. Cognitive developmental theorya. Gender roles and identities cannot be learned until child attains gender constancy3. Parents are major influences in our gender development4. Parents socialize children though four very subtle processes a. Manipulationb. Channelingi. Buying children specific presents c. Verbal appellationi. When you see same behaviors in child, but are labeled differentlyd. Activity exposurexii. Other Sources of Socialization1. Schoola. Around the time children enter day care centers or kindergarten teachers and peers become important influences in their overall development and gender socialization2. Peersa. A child’s age-mates, or peers, become especially importantwhen the child enters school3. Popular culture and mass mediaa. With heavy exposure, the content of media messages becomes more significant 4. Religiona. Various aspects of religion appear to affect gender ideology. xiii. Gendered Family Experiences 1. Contemporary gender-role attitudes have become less traditionala. Women’s Roles in Families and Worki. Traditionally women lives centered around marriage and motherhoodb. Traditional Female Rolesi. Among middle-class whites, the emphasis is on being a wife and mother.ii. Among African Americans, women are expected to be instrumental; there is no conflict between work and motherhood.iii. Among Latinos, women are deferential to men generally from respect rather than subservience; elders, regardless of gender, are afforded respect.2. Men’s Roles in Families and Worka. Central features of the traditional male role whether among white African Americans Latinos or Asian Americans à stress male dominance and men as breadwinnersb. Traditional Male Rolesi. A man’s central family role has been viewed as being the provider ii. Women greater role diversity according to ethnicityxiv. Continued Constraints of Contemporary Gendered Roles 1. Both women and men ofen reinforce traditional gender-role stereotypes.2. Despite the limitations that traditional roles may place on us, changing them is not easy.xv. Limitations of Gender Roles 1. Mena. Provider role limits men’s father & husband roles.b. Difficulty in expressing feelingsc. A sense of dominance that precludes intimacy2. Womena. Diminished self-confidence & mental healthb. Dual-earners have own constraintsc. Ideals of youth & beautyxvi. Social Movements Dedicated to Changing Gender 1. Gender-reform feminism2. Gender-resistant feminism3. Movements designed to emphasize how gender overlaps with other bases of oppression, like age, race or class4. Profeminist men’s movements a. Most current men’s movements attempt to reconnect menwith families xvii. Summary 1. Traditional gender roles are changing.2. More variation in gender roles, but not in gender stereotypes3. Parents, school, and peers are important agents of socialization.4. Contemporary gender roles