Study Guide: Exam 2
58 Cards in this Set
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Who cannot marry?
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parents/kids
uncles/nieces
aunts/nephews
bro/sis
grandparents/grandkids
some gays depending on the state
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Endogamy
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practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group,class, or social group
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Exogamy
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marriage between people of different categories
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Homogamy
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The tendency to meet and marry someone very similar to ourselves
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marriage squeeze
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a sex imbalance in the ratio of available unmarried men and women
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Mating gradient
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Tendency for men to marry downward in class and women to marry upward with respect of age, education, and occupational success.
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Benefits of Marriage
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Economic Well being
Physical/Mental health
personal happiness
selection vs protection
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Rocky & Turbulent Courtships
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unhappy but lasting marriages
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Sweet and undramatic courtships
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satisfying and enduring marriages
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Passionate courtships
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-having sex early, marriage w/in a few months
-vulnerable to divorce
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3 Types of Marital Commitment
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Personal commitment
moral commitment
structural commitment
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Marriage Debate
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Decline- Divorce rates..rise in cohabitation & single moms.. Older age of first marriage.. More people never marrying
Dynamic,changing,resilient - recent decline in divorce rates.. marriage remains highly valued...US more likely to marry than other industrialized nations
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Which race gets married the most
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Asians, whites, hispanics, and blacks
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Which race gets divorced the most?
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Blacks, Hispanics, Whites, Asians
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Predicting Marital Success
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Factors: Age difference, level of education, SES, Opposites don't attract, religiousity, personality seems fixed & unchanging
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Tasks of early marriage
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*Needs to establish roles, identity bargaining, sexual adjustments, emotional support for partner, adjust personal habits, division of labor, develop communication skills and how to share intimate feelings
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Impacts of parenthood on the marriage
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Parenthood makes couples less intimate and happy..parenthood produces more traditional marital roles..
Who's going to take care of the kids?
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Verbal communication
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Expresses basic content of msg
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Nonverbal communication:
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Behaviors, attributes, or objects (except words) that communicate messages that have social meaning.
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Functions of Nonverbal
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1. Conveying interpersonal attitudes
2. expressing emotions
3. handling ongoing interaction
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Forms of Nonverbal
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1. Proximity (personal space)
2. Eye contact/facial expressions
3. Touch (varies by culture)
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Gender differences in communication
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Men - more open relaxed posture, fewer words, profanity, men interrupt more
Women - smile more, more expressed emotions, occupy less space, more eye contact, manners, more tag questions
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Characteristics of Satisfying Marriages
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-willingness to accept conflict- engage in conflict in nondestructive ways or compatible fighting styles
-ability to disclose or reveal private thoughts and feelings to one's partner
-expression of more or less equal levels of affection
-more time spent discussing personal topics…
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John Gottman's 4 horsemen
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1) criticism (attacking partner's personality or character)
2) stonewalling (withdrawing)
3) contempt (intentionally insulting partner)
4) defensiveness ( denying responsibility)
5) Belligerence (non existing)
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Demand-withdraw pattern
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One person approaches with a problem while other avoids issue/problem
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Constructive conflict management
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Summarizing - what other says
Paraphrasing - putting into words what other says
Validating - affirming each others feelings
Clarifying - asking for clarification
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Destructive Conflict Management
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escalating spirals of manipulation, threat, and coercion..
- avoidance, retaliation, inflexibility, demeaning/insults
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Consequences of conflict
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-Poor physical health
-may disrupt entire family if conflict is frequent & intense
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Guidelines to giving feedback
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-"I" statements
- Focus on behavior not person
Focus on observations not judgements
-sharing ideas or offering alternatives rather than giving advice
-dont overload with other issues that piss you off
appropriate time and place
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Power
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Ability to influence another person or people to do what you want
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Relative love & need theory
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Explains power in terms of individuals involvement it needs in relationship
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Principle of Least Interest
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Partner w/ least interest in continuing relationship enjoys the most power
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Resource theory of power
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partner w/ larger source of $$ has most power
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Power imbalance for married/dating
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married - money, decision making, arguments of how to raise kid, housework
dating - effort, commitment, activities of couple, controlling partner's other relations and appearance
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Gay and Lesbian cohabitation
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-same sex households have higher income
-more likely to be dual earners
-earn more college degrees
construct families of choice
-less legal protection on kids than straight couples
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Effects of cohabitation on later marriage
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-more likely to divorce than those who dont live together before marriage
- negative marital communication
- lower levels of satisfaction
- lower levels of male commitment to one's spouse
-gradual erosion of value of marriage
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Types of Cohabitation
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-Trial marriage (to assess whether partner is compatible for marriage)
-Precursor to marriage (shared expectation of eventual marriage)
-Substitute for marriage (partners not engaged nor intend marriage)
- Co residential dating (serious partner.. just living together for convenience)
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Marriage and Cohabitation comparison
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-spouses pledging life together
-cohabiting is more of a temporary arrangement
-sex more fulfilling in marriages
-straight cohabitants more frequent sex
-cohabitors have more precarious economic situations than married people
-births during cohabitation dont affect relationship
-mar…
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Who is more likely to cohabit?
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-men more likely to cohabit with those w/ less education
-men w/o full employment cohabit more than marry
-racial differences overlap w/ class differences
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Factors contributing to rise in cohabitation
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-Men/women delaying marriage
-sexuality more liberal than it was a decade ago
-meanings of marriage and divorce have changed
-women less economically depended on marriage
-cohabitation has become normalized as stage in ones life
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Never married singles
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due to: delayed marriage, increase in divorce, more liberal social/sexual standards, increasingly expanded options for women, uneven ratio of unmarried men to women
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Contemporary Sexual Scripts
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-sexual expression is positive
-sexual activities are mutual exchange of erotic pleasure
-masturbation & oral sex is acceptable
-non marital sex acceptable within relationship context
-homosexual orientation & relationships are increasingly accepted
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How we learn about sex
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1. parents (mother-daughter)
2. peers and siblings (peers are a wealth info and misinformation)
3. media and popular culture
4. sex education
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Stages in acquiring identity
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1)Fears suspicion that one's desire are different from others
2)labeling feelings of love, attraction as homoerotic if recur often
3)person's self definition as lesbian/gay
4)entering gay subculture
5)1st lesbian or gay love affair
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Traditional sexual scripts
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-women more passive
-couples expressing less belief in sexual double standards report more sexual communication & tougher levels of sexual satisfaction
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Factors in identifying sexual orientation
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1. the gender of one's partner
2. the label one gives oneself
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Sexuality in adulthood
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-sexual frequency declines w/ length of relationship
-biological/psychological causes for decline
-sexual satisfaction just as important for women just as important as men
-sexual satisfaction better predictor of relationship satisfaction than sexual frequency
-satisfaction doesnt dec…
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Attitudes about non-marital sex
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prevalent in todays society
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Characteristics of child-free women
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-high status occupations -less traditional family attitudes -more likely to be first born or only child -less traditional ideas about gender
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Why people defer parenthood
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-more career/lifestyle options -"right mate" at "right time" -increasingly effective birth control
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Expenses of raising kids
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in 2011 from ages 0-18.. 169,080 (lower 3rd bracket) 389,670 (upper 3rd) estimates dont include prenatal care, child birth, or college education
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Characteristics of adoptive families
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-adopted kids more likely to be female than male -economically families w/ adopted kids better off than those w/o -adoptive kids likely to have some disability -more adopted kids than biological kids live in 2 parent households -relationship among parents/kids is warm and close
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Open adoption
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-Contact between adoptive family and birth parents (laws vary by state)
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What are some features of entering parenthood?
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- Irreversibility - Lack of preparation - Idealization and romanticization - Suddenness - Role conflict
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Strategies and styles of child rearing
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-spanking.. consistency and clarity -logical consequences -open communication -no physical punishment -behavior modification
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Being pregnant
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-majority of women experience unintended pregnancy - rates higher for impoverished women
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Pregnancy and Relationships
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1st trimester - difficult physically and emotionally 2nd trimester - most nausea and fatigue disappear.. fetus movement can be felt 3rd trimester - greatest difficulty in day to day living
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Infant mortality
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-1.2 million abortions 1.1 million miscarriages
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Study Guide: Exam 2