FSHD 257: EXAM 1
68 Cards in this Set
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family ecology theory
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o Emphasizes how families are influenced by (and, in turn, influence) the wider environment
o Core concepts: environment and adaptation
Critiques: which system best accounts for the behavior we attempt to explain? How do the different systems influence each other?
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structural functionalism theory
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How family functions
o Explains how society works, how families work, and how families relate to the larger society and to their own members
o Emphasizes how marriage and family contribute to society
Critiques: how do we know which family functions are vital? Looks at the family abs…
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conflict theory
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o The view that individuals in relationships compete for valuable resources
o Conflict is a natural and normal part of relationships and family life
o Love and affection are more important in marriage and families, but so are conflict and power
Critiques: What about self-sacrifice and …
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symolic interaction theory
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o Looks at how people interact with one another
o When we interact we interpret or define the meaning of words, gestures, and actions
o Based on the meaning we take, we act accordingly
Critique: minimizes the role of power, does not account for context, tends to minimize the role of po…
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social exchange theory
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o Measure actions and relationships on a cost-benefit basis, seeking to maximize rewards and minimize costs
o Great theory for looking at relationship satisfaction and stability
o Critiques:
• Assumes that we are all rational, calculating individuals, weighing the costs and rewards of …
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family development theory
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o Directed exclusively at families
o Emphasizes the patterned changes that occur in families thorugh stages and across time
o Looks at changes in family
• Starts with premarital relationship→ marriage→ subsequent sequential stages
o Critiques:
• Assumes al families go through the sam…
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family systems theory
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o Combines structural functionalism and symbolic interaction
o Views each member of the family as part of a system and the family as a unit that develops norms of interaction
o Family as a structure of related parts or subsystems
• Maintain boundaries
• Influence one another
o Family…
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marriage
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legally recognized union between two people, generally a man and a woman in which they are united sexually, cooperate economically, and may give birth to, adopt or rear children
-differs across cultures
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monogamy
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one spouse of a time
only legal form in US
only 24% of known cultures view as ideal
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polygamy
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two or more wives at one time
most preferred
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polyandry
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two or more husbands at one time
-very rare
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4 characterisitcs marriages share
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rights
specific roles within wider community and society
orderly transfer of wealth & property
assignment of responsibility for caring for & specializing children
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loving vs. virginia (1967
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marriages between members of different races we legalized
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family
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a group of people related by birth, marriage or adaption
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affiliated kin
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unrelated individuals who feel and are treated as if they are relative
(best friend, boyfriend, girlfriend, godchild, lover, pet, teacher)
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nuclear family
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consisting of mother, father and children
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family orientation
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family in which we grow up, the family that orients us to the world
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extended family
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consists not only of the cohabiting couple and their children but also of other relatives, especially in-laws, grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins
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4 important societal functions
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continuity of emotional attachments
close proximity
familiarity with family members
economic benefits
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serial monogamy/modified polygamy
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practice in which one person may have several spouses over his or her lifetime although no more than one at a given time
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researched based studies
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knowledge of marriages and families come from
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anecdotal evidence
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non-scientific evidence based on own personal experiences or experiences of others
problem:
based on 1-2 people's experiences/observations
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common sense
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the knowledge & experience which most people have or should have
problem:
different people have different ideas about what "makes sense"
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objectivity
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suspend the belief, biases, or prejudices we have about a subject until we understand what is being said
-use scientific method to ensure
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critical thinking
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another way of saying "clear and unbiased thinking"
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value judgements
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usually includes words that mean "should" and imply that our way is the correct way
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opinions
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based on our experiences or ways of thinking
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bias
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strong opinion that creates barriers to hearing anything contrary to your opinion
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stereotype
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set of simplistic, rigidly held, and overgeneralized beliefs about the personal characteristics of a group of people
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scientific method
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• Well-established procedures used to collect and analyze information about family experiences, designed to promote objectivity as well as reduce subjective reasoning, biased assumptions, preconceived ideas, and unfounded beliefs
o Important because it allows other people to know the sou…
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descriptive
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goal is to observe and record behavior
o Examples: what kind of behavior do we see in children whose parents are divorcing? How often do children report feeling
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correlational
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goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two variables
o Correlations allow for prediction
o Ex: divorce leads to decline in grades
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experimental
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allows us to draw conclusions about cause and effect
o Researcher manipulates independent variable
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cross sectional
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data collected at one point in time on different ages and people
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longitudinal design
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data collected on same people over time
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theory
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set of general principles or concepts used to describe, explain a phenomenon and to make predictions
o Organize and give meaning to facts and observations
o Provide a point of view
o Offer explanations
o Guide further research, lead to further questions
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macro-level theories
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focus on the family as social institution
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micro level theories
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emphasize what happens within families, looking at everyday behavior, interaction between family members
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intimacy
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closeness between two people
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fundamental human needs
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intimacy and love according to Maslow
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4 key features of intimacy
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love and/or affection
personal validation
trust
self-disclosure
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how intimacy is expressed
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sexual relations (kisses, hugs)
emotional intimacy (having someone to talk to and to share ourselves with)
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2 most important source of intimacy
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friendship and love
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intimacy relate to relationship satisfaction
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increase longevity, more likely to have better well being
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women define intimacy
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sharing love and affection and expressing warm feelings toward someone
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men define intimacy
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engaging in sexual behavior and being physically close
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benefits to intimacy
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suffer against loneliness
enhance our self-esteem
related to happiness
decreased risk of illness
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instrumental love
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tasks associated with nurturing and caregiving
ex. touching
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expressive love
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telling others how much we care about or love them
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12 central attributes love
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1. Trust
2. Caring
3. Honesty
4. Friendship
5. Respect
6. Concern for the other's well being
7. Loyalty
8. Commitment
9. Acceptance of the other the way he or she is
10. Supportiveness
11. Wanting to be with the other
12. Interest in the other
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friendships provide
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intimacy for both men and women, but show it differently
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characteristics for friends & partners
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honesty, trust, sense humor
combination of unique attributions
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different for friends and romantic partners
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commitment
reproductive success
eventual attachment to offspring
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romantic love functional in industrial societies
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our need for autonomy
allows us to choose our own partners, gives us freedom from parental control
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passionate love
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an intense longing for union with another
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companionate
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the warm and tender affection we feel for close others
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romantic love and realistic love
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an intense love whereby the lover believes in love at first sight only one true love, and love concurs all
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intimacy, love and friendship
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you can have intimacy in both love and friendship because it is that feeling of being close with someone
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attachment theory
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how we attach to caregiver when we are young is similar to how we attach to others as adult
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commitment
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a willingness to work through problems and conflicts
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love and commitment relationships
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have fun together and share tedious times, express themselves freely, do not see problems as indications that their relationship is over
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social condition of love
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love is a social label given to an internal feeling. our society promotes love through forms of mass media
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physical condition for love
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influenced by approximating the cultural ideal of physical appearance
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psychological conditions of love
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perception of both people liking each other, positive personality qualities, higher level of self esteem
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4 stages of love
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rapport- rests on mutual trust and respect
self-revelaiton-sharing intimate information
mutual dependency - developing interdependence
needs fulfillment- developing emotional exchange
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halo effect
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the assumption that good looking people possess more desirable social characteristics than unattractive people
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marketplace of relationships
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people enter exchange relationships when they from relationships, much as when they exchange goods (give and take)
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lasting relationships
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time affects romantic relationships
rapid growth of intimacy tends to level off
commitment tends to increase
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Study Guide: Exam 2