FSHD 257: Exam 1
106 Cards in this Set
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Should you generalize from your own personal experience to marriages and families in general? Why or why not.
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No
-Need to understand that our attitudes and beliefs about marriages and families both affect and distort our views
-Think about own experience/definition first and then take others into perspective
-It is tempting to draw conclusions/generalize
-Experience is NOT Expertise
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When it comes to the study of family relationships, it is vital that we remember that:
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Experience is NOT Expertise
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Definition of Marriage
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"a legally recognized union between two people, generally a man and a woman, in which they are untied sexually, cooperate economically, and may give birth to, adopt, or rear children. The union is assumed to be permanent.”
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Four Characteristics shared among marriage
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Rights
Specific roles within wider community and society
Orderly transfer of wealth and property
Assignment of responsibility for caring for and socializing children
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Forms of Marriage: Monogamy
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-One spouse at a time
-only legal form in U.S
-only 24% of cultures view as ideal
ONLY LEGAL FORM IN AMERICA
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Polygamy
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-2 or more wives at one time
-84% of cultures practiced or accepted
-tends to be preferred
MAJORITY OF WORLD
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Polyandry
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-2 or more husbands at one time
-very rare
-often coexists with poverty, scarcity of land or property, and imbalanced ration of men to women
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In the U.S. is marriage divine or civil institution?
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Many Americans believe that marriage is divinely instituted, while others assert that it is a civil institution
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What is needed to validate a marriage?
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-In the U.S. today, a marriage must be validated via government- issued marriage licenses to be legal
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Definition of Family
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Related by blood, marriage, and adoption
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What is meant by the term Nuclear family?
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Parents and children live together
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What is the Family of Orientation?
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people linked to us by birth, NOT gained through marriage
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What is extended family?
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Family beyond your nuclear family; relatives
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Kinship Networks?
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-the social organization of the family; based on the reciprocal rights and obligations of family members
Affiliated kin- unrelated individuals who feel and are treated as if they are relative; best friend; boyfriend; god child
Census- a group of 2 or more persons related by birth, m…
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The family generally performs 4 important societal functions. What are these?
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1. Source of intimate relationships
2. Economic cooperation
3. Reproduction and socialization; shape behavior
4. Assignment of social roles and status
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Re-read – “Who may Marry” section
Could slaves marry?
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-Laws once prohibited slaves from marrying because they were regarded as property
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When did it become unconstitutional for states to prohibit marriages between different races? What court case was this?
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-Marriages between members of different races were illegal in more than half the states until 1967
-Loving Vs. Virginia
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Can same sex couples legally marry in all 50 states today?
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No
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What is meant by the terms “serial monogamy” and “modified polygamy”?
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-a practice in which one person may have several spouses over his or her lifetime although no more than one at any given time
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Re-read – “The Major Themes of this Text” section (pp 26 - 28)
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How does popular culture depict marriages and families? Is it accurate?
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-cultural influences, values beliefs norms about what families should be like guide how we choose to live in relationships and families
-the choices we make are products of the societies in which we live in
-the economy forces many parents to be in the workplace rather then home with th…
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What is objectivity?
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Suspending the beliefs and biases about a subject until we understand what is being said
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What is critical thinking?
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reasoning process using knowledge and experience with skills/attitudes as a guide for rational judgment and action
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What are value judgments? Example
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-usually include words such as "should" and imply an orientation (good or bad)
Example; belief that "everyone should get married"
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Opinions? Bias? Stereotypes? Be able to identify examples of these.
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Opinion: an unsubstantiated belief or conclusion based on personal values or biases
Bias: a personal leaning or inclination
Stereotype: a view of individuals/groups/ideas that fails to allow individual differences based on personal opinion and bias rather than critical judgment.
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What is the scientific method and why is it important?
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-Model or process designed to promote objectivity
-Systematic permit of knowledge
Process: formulate research questions, select participants, collect data, report results
-Well-established procedures used to collect and analyze information about family experiences
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What methods do researchers use to study marriages and families?
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-Surveys (questionnaires)
-Interviews
-Diary on beeper method
-Observation (Naturalistic and laboratory)
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What is a theory?
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a set of general principles or concepts used to describe, explain a phenomenon and to make predictions
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What are theories useful?
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-Organize and give meaning to facts and observations
-Theories are explanations
-Guide further research; lead to further questions
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Difference between macro and micro theories
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Macro-level theories: focus on the family as a social institution
Micro-level theories: study of individuals within the family
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Theoretical Perspectives on Families
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The kinds of questions we raise
· The types of predictions we make
· Where we look to find answers
· How we construct explanations
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Family Ecology Theory
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Emphasizes how families are influenced by the wider environment
Critiques:
-Which system best accounts for the behavior we attempt to explain?
-How do the different systems influence each other?
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Structural FunctionalismTheory
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What functions the family as an institution serves for society
-Families serve to replenish society with socialized members
-Marriage and the family promote the emotional stability of the respective spouses
-Families provide economic support for their members
What functional requireme…
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Structural Functionalism Theory: Critiques
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-How do we know which family functions are vital?
-Looks at the family abstractly and views the family in terms of functions and roles
-Not always clear what function a particular structure serves
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Conflict Theory
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-The view that individuals in relationships compete for valuable resources (time, money, power)
-Conflict is a natural and normal part of relationships and family life
-Love and affection are important in marriages and families, but so are conflict and power
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Conflict Theory Critiques
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What about self-sacrifice and cooperation
What about the power of love?
Assume differences lead to conflict
-Not always the case
-Accepted, tolerated, or appreciated
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Feminist Perspectives
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-Feminists critically examine the ways in which family experience is shaped by gender- the social aspects of being male/female
-They argue that gender and family are concepts created by society.
-Feminists have an action orientation alongside their analytical one as they strive to r…
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Feminist Perspectives: Critiques
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-The feminist perspective is not a unified theory: rather, it represents thinking across the feminist movement
-Men are also gendered beings
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Micro-Level Theories
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-Emphasize what happens within families, looking at everyday behavior, interaction between family members, patterns of communication, and so on
-In other words, how individuals experience family life
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Symbolic InteractionismTheory
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-Looks at how people interact with one another
-When we interact we interpret or define the meaning of words, gestures, and actions
-Based on the meaning we take, we act accordingly
-"Meaning" is central
Critique: minimizes the role of power, does not account for context
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Social Exchange Theory
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-Measure actions and relationships on a code-benefit basis, seeking to maximize rewards and minimize costs
-Great theory for looking at relationships satisfaction and stability
Critiques: Assumes that we are all rational, calculating individuals and making cos-benefit for all alternativ…
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Family Development Theory
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-Directed exclusively at families
-Emphasizes the patterned changes that occur in families through stages and across time
-Looks at changes in family
Critiques: Assumes all families go through the same sequential process
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Family Systems Theory
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-Combines structural functionalism and symbolic interactionism
-Views each member of the family as part of a system and the family as a unit that develops norms of interaction
-Family as a structure of related parts of subsystems; maintain boundaries/ influence one another
-Family has …
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Family Systems Theory: Critique
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-Hard for researchers to agree on exactly what the theory is
-Used mainly with dysfunctional families
-Do the insights from this theory apply to healthy families?
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Re-read – “How to think about Research” section (pp 61 - 62)
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The Colonial Period (1607-1776)
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-The family was a primary unit for producing goods and caring for the needs of its members
-Marriages were arranged
-The wife was not equal but helpmate
-Wife was economically dependent on her husband
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Were childhood and adolescence viewed as separate periods of the lifespan during this time?
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Children believed to be evil by nature
Childhood not a period of life different from adulthood = small adult
At 6 or 7, children became part of adult world
Children 7 to 12 worked as apprentices or servants, often living with relatives or strangers
Adolescence did not exist
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Were slaves allowed to marry?
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No
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What was the experience of a child born to slaves?
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Childhood experience was often bitter and harsh – children were often separated from parents
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19th Century
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Colonial family vanished, replaced by modern family
More egalitarian, less patriarchal, more affectionate
Industrialization and shattering
Self sufficient farm families became wage earning urban families
Division of labor arose!
Marriage and Families Transformed
The family became th…
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When did love become important in marriages?
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Love now the basis for marriage
New basis age women power
Ability to choose whom they would marry
Love started at the top (upper and middle class) and worked it way down
Working class men and women took longer to adopt
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What was the role of women during 19th Century?
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Two most important roles: housewife and mother
Made economic sense to have housewife
Making clothes, growing vegetables
Decline in fertility
Early 1800s: 7-10 children
By 1900: 3
Women controlled frequency of sex
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Were childhood and adolescence viewed as separate periods of the lifespan during 19th Century?
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Childhood innocence
Children need to be protected
Beginning of adolescence
Economically dependent on adults
Beginning of compulsory education
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Was marriage now legal for African Americans in 19th Century?
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Yes
“The traveling time” – first year after freedom many African Americans traveled in search of separated family members
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What was life like for immigrant families in 19th Century?
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All family members worked for survival
Children in labor force early
Middle-class ideal of motherhood impossible
Tensions between family and school
Family as a filter for new customs and rules
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20th Century
What was the focus of the family during this period?
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-Increase in diversity; two-parent families, single parent, same-sex
-The Longevity Revolution; the average couple has more parents living than children, parent-child bond became stronger, longer marriages
-Changing Economic forces; smaller family size, widespread education
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What is companionate marriage?
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husband and wife are supposed to be equals; to share their lives as lovers, best friends, and co-partners
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Should we use the family of the 1950’s as a baseline of comparison when thinking of families? Why or why not.
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What effects did the “perfect 50’s” have on women?
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Alcoholism increased
Dissatisfaction with being a housewife seen as a mental illness
Tranquilizers developed for women and mass prescribed
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In class we watched a video clip by Rebecca Walker on the changing makeup of American families. How does she view contemporary American families?
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-Contemporary American families are now a beautiful diversity of families coming together because of their love for one another.
-Love and coming together is most important thing and is so different from father knows best.
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Is there still such a thing as a “traditional” family?
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No
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Ch. 5 The 2 most important sources of intimacy are ?
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Friendship and love
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What is intimacy?
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Closeness between two people
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4 features of intimacy?
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1. love/affection
2. personal validation
3. Trust
4. Self-disclosure
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What are examples of instrumental displays of love?
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-PDA and couple status
-Various racial groups display different amounts of public affection
-Interracial relationships are increasing rapidly
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How does intimacy relate to relationship satisfaction?
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Romantic partners are more carefully selected and their desirability is more carefully evaluated;
-commitment to the relationship
-reproductive success
-eventual attachment to offspring
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What benefits do intimate relationships provide?
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Romantic love is functional in industrial societies
Validates the importance of individual autonomy and freedom from parental control
Establishes the relative independence of the conjugal family from the extended family
Fits with the wider social freedoms granted to adolescents and…
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What are the 12 central attributes of love?
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Trust
Caring
Honesty
Friendship
Respect
Concern for the other’s well-being
Loyalty
Commitment
Acceptance of the other the way he or she is
Supportiveness
Wanting to be with the other
Interest in the other
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What does friendship provide for men and women? Do these differ?
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-“True friendships” provide emotional support and self-disclosure for females (instrumental displays)
-Men express friendship through group physical activites with little self-disclosure
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Know Hatfield and Sprecher’s two kinds of love: Passionate and Companionate Love
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Passionate – “an intense longing for union with another”
Companionate – the warm and tender affection we feel for close others
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What is the halo effect?
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-What is beautiful is good
-the bias that occurs when a positive characteristic of a person affects the evaluation of the person's other attributes (good looking people are assumed to have attractive personalities)
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How are intimacy, love, and friendship similar? Different?
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Intimacy: closeness between 2 people (physical or emotional)
Love: creates bonds that we hope will enable us to endure the greatest hardships, suffer the severest cruelty, and overcome any distance; binds us together
Friendship: shared interests/values, acceptance, trust, understanding …
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Which of these theories is a macro theory?
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A. Structural Functionalism
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During the 19th century were children seen as
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A. Innocent
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Which is one of the four key features of intimacy
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A. love/affection
B. Trust
C. Self-disclosure
D. Personal validation
E. All of the above
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hich micro-level theory is directed exclusively at families and emphasizes the patterns in changes that occur in a family over time?
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Family Development Theory
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Which of the following is not a function of the family?
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A. Intimate Relationships
B. Close proximity
C. Reproduction
D. Family ties
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What is marriage?
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A. legal union between two people
B. living arrangement
C. partners that are united sexually
D. people who have had a child
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You should generalize your personal experiences to marriage and families
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A. True
B. False
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Which family member is not considered to be a part of the extended family?
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A. cousins
B. Brother or sister
C. In-laws
D. Aunt
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How did the roles of women change over the years in America?
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A. They became active in the workforce
B. They had more choice on who they married
C. Women were solely dependent on husband
D. A and B
E. B and C
F. All of the above
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Which form of marriage is the only legal form in the US?
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A. polygamy
B. polyandry
C. monogamy
D. none of the above
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What were the negative effects of women in the 1950’s?
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A. alcoholism of women increased
B. dissatisfaction with being a housewife
C. tranquilizers developed/prescribed for women
D. All of the above
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What was the time period called during the 19th century when African Americans were free?
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A. Traveling time
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Model or process designed to promote objectivity- systematic pursuit of knowledge
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The Scientific Method
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Friendship and Love
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What are the two most important sources of intimacy
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The assumption that good-looking people possess more desirable social characteristics
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-Halo Effect
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A group of two or more people related by birth, marriage, or adoption
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Family
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A Theory that emphasizes how marriage and family contribute to society
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-Structural Functionalism
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Theory that critically examines the ways in which family experience is shaped by gender
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-Feminist Theory
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Rights/Specific roles w/ communication and society/ orderly transfer of wealth
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-Shared characteristics among marriages
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-Shared characteristics among marriages
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benefits of intimate relationships
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Suspending the beliefs and biases about a subject until we understand what is being said
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-Objectivity
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First year after freedom when many African Americans search for missing family members
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Traveling time
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Alcoholism increased/dissatisfaction with being a housewife/tranquilizers mass prescribed
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effect of the myth of the perfect family (1950) on women?
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Trust/caring/honesty/friends
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-12 central attributes of love
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Love became the basis for marriage and Women could choose who they could marry
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-19th Century
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The practice of having 2 or more wives at one time
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-Polygamy
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Good or sound judgment, not based on specialized knowledge
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Common sense
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Set of logically related concepts seeking to describe or explain a phenomenon
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-Theory
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Belief that “everyone should get married”
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-value judgment
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Closeness between two people
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Intimate relationship
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Couples, parents, and children are observed in their normal settings
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-naturalistic observation
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Time when marriages were arranged and wife was not equal but a helpmate
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Colonial Period
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Theory that emphasizes how families are influenced by the environment
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Family Ecology Theory
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Legally recognized union between 2 people
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-Marriage
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Study Guide: Exam 2