63 Cards in this Set
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Which is the strongest correlation?
.12
-.94
.88
-.03
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-.94
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Which is the weakest correlation?
.08
-.94
.03
.99
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.03
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If something (stimulus) is removed following a particular behavior and the behavior increases in frequency. What is this?
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Negative reinforcement
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If something (stimulus) is added following a particular behavior and the behavior decreases in frequency. What is this?
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Presentation punishment
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Child only throws tantrum when adult attention is given. Withholding attention when tantrum starts it automatically stops. This is an example of what?
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Extinction
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Every time a child participates in class I give him praise. Over time I notice that he is participating less frequently: what term is operating on his participation behavior?
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Presentation punishment
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Every time Marcus misbehaves in class, Ms. Anderson scolds and fusses at him. Over time we notice that Marcus is misbehaving more and more! What term is operating on his behavior?
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Positive reinforcement
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By definition, what effect on behavior does Negative Reinforcement have?
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Increases the frequency of behavior
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Considering classical conditioning process discussed in class, after the bee sting, the sight of bees or presence of bees could be considered?
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A conditioned stimulus
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The bee sting itself can be viewed as:
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An unconditioned stimulus
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Kim's fear and anxiety of going outside is probably the best result of:
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Stimulus generalization
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What is correlation?
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An index or estimate of how two factors or two variables are related
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1.) size of coefficient (r)
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-how close to zero or +/- 1.00
-shows strength of relationship
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Closer to zero...
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The weaker the relationship or correlation
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2.) sign of coefficient (+/-)
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-shows direction of relationship
-positive correlation, both variables change in same direction (both increase or both decrease)
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Example, on average as guys grow taller they seem to grow heavier. This is an example of what?
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Positive correlation
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In negative correlation..
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Both variables change in opposite directions
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What is a perfect correlation?
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+1.00 or -1.00
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What is causation?
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That two variables are related
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What is independent variable?
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The variable that is manipulated or changed to see it's effects on some outcome variable or measure
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What is Dependent variable?
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Usually some behavior that is measured or observed.. It's outcome variable or measure that is affected by the independent variable
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Internal validity
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The extent to which the results of an experiment or study can be attributed to the independent variable only!
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External validity
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The extent to which the results of an experiment or study can be generalized to different groups of subjects, different settings, etc.
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-he acknowledged biology can have a toll on ppl
-known as the father of American Behavioral Psychology
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John Watson
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BF Skinner
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Operant conditioning
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Learning is defined as:
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A relatively durable or permanent change in behavior that is the result of experience
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Classical Conditioning
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-Discovered by Ivan Pavlov
-based on the individual learning that two things (stimuli) go together
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Unconditioned stimulus
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Stimulus that automatically elicits a response without any prior conditioning or learning
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Unconditioned response
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The response that occurs automatically to UCS. It is unlearned reaction/response to an UCS without previous conditioning
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Conditioned stimulus
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Is a previously neutral stimulus that through pairing with the UCS also eventually elicits a response
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Conditioned response
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The response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus. It is a learned reaction/response to the CS
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What is the UCR?
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Salivation
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What is he CS?
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Bell
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What is the CR?
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Salivation
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Who performed the Little Albert experiment?
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Watson and Rayner
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Stimulus Generalization
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Process whereby other stimuli similar to the original CS also elicit a CR
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Significance of Watson an Rayners research with Little Albert?
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Very first experimental demonstration of how a human emotional response might be aquired
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What happened to Little Albert?
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He died around the age 6 due to water on his brain. His memory with the rat did not last long after the experiments.
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Systematic Desensitization
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Behavior therapy procedure geared to dealing with phobias and anxiety
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Operant conditioning
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Form of learning in which responses or behaviors come to be controlled by consequences
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Skinner box
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Device that is a foot cubed and made of clear glass and the top opens
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What if a behavior has a zero baseline, how can you reinforce it?
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Shaping
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What is shaping?
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Process in which reinforce a series of behaviors or responses that resemble the terminal behavior in small steps
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Example, teacher tells student that if he misbehaves she will take a way recess. This example shows...
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Teacher is removing recess to help decrease frequency with child's behavior
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Extinction
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When we know longer follow a behavior with reinforcement, results of extinction burst
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Before you perform extinction you have to know what?
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What reinforcement was used
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Material/tangible reinforcers
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Edible reinforcers; not always a good idea because ppl grow full and the length is not good for younger ones
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Social reinforcers
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Things humans do (praise,wink,pat on the back); always easy but kids eat up the positive adult attention
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Token reinforcer
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Money (bonus); what you can use money on is the positive side
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Activity reinforcer
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Play or staying up extra late
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Premack's principle (grandma'a rule)
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Preferred activities can be used to reinforce those least preferred activities
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Schedules of reinforcement
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Determine which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer
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Why are schedules so important?
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Different schedules have different effects on behavior
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Fixed ratio
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Reinforcer is given after a fixed number of responses (every 3rd time rat presses bar, he gets good FR3)
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FR1
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Continuous reinforcement (every time behavior occurs, you reinforce it)
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Variable ratio
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Reinforcer is given after a variable number of responses; behavior maintained on a regular schedule is harder to extinction
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Gambling. Behavior is an example of..
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Variable ratio schedule
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Jon class clown, teacher talks to class when Jon is absent. She agrees with the class if they do not laugh at Jon, they will get extra free time. Kids don't laugh when Jon returns, his behavior decreases.
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Extinction because teacher cut off attention from class
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Fixed interval
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Reinforcer is given for the first particular response after a fixed amount of time has elapsed
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Animal is taught to press bar for fixed interval very 1 min & pellet of food is dropped.
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The rat has learned to tell that good only comes every 1 min.
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Dependent Group Contingency
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Groups access to reinforcement is based on a single child or children; "we will all go to lunch when Alex and Bo are sitting" - kids are depending on those kids
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InTERdependent Group Contingency
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Groups access to reinforcement is based on some group criteria; "spelling test if class average is 80% or higher class gets extra free time"
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Independent Group Contingency
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Anyone access to reinforcement is based on his/her behavior; "spelling test who ever gets 80%+ gets extra free time" - this idea with 20+ kids, not all can do it... So, "anyone 80%+ gets extra free time of those who improve grade will get it too"
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PSY 374:Behavioral Psychology