PSY 374:Study Guide
44 Cards in this Set
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Dependent Group Contingency
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the group's access to reinforcement depends on the behavior or performance of a single, or at most a few other children, tends to be unpopular with adults and kids.
EX: we'll all go to lunch as soon as Michael and Mary are seated and quiet
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Interdependent Group Contingency
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the group's access to reinforcement depends on some kind of group criterion of performance or behavior
EX: we'll have extra recess time tomorrow if the class avg on the spelling quiz is 80% or higher.
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Independent Group Contingency
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each individual's access to reinforcement is dependent on his or her own behavior; what makes this a group toncingency is a technical sense is that the criterion of performance is the same of all individuals, and the reinforcer is the same for all
EX: whoever gets an 80% or higher on th…
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Essentials of behavior management
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1. Clearly communicated rules and expectations
2. Regular feedback
3. Progress monitoring
4. Evaluation of implementation
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Token Economy System
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a behavior management system where neutral, tangible items are delivered in response to desirable behavior. Neutral, tangible items are later exchanged for preferred items/ activities. After the system is established, tokens may also be removed in response to undesirable behavior
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Benefits of a token economy
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backed by years of scientific research
can be used: to address behavior and/or academic difficulties, with entire classes or with individual students, with students of any age or at any grade level, depending on the intensity as a Tier I, II, or III strategy
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How to... 1-3
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1) Define Target behaviors in clear/ concrete terms
2) Identify Items Used as Tokens (poker chips, stickers, printed cards or coupons, check marks on a bulletin board)
3) Identify Rewards: students ID initial list & then teacher narrows list. EX: run an errand, extra free time, positive…
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How to... 4-6
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4) Establish Exchange Rate: Individualize the exchange rate to meet the needs of the class/child, consider the frequency of the behaviors prior to intervention (high vs low frequency behaviors), consider that different rewards can have different "costs"
5) Establish Time and Place for To…
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How to... 7-8
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7) Decide whether to remove earned tokens: has the token economy system been well established, do competing, undesirable behaviors exist, are undesirable behaviors more frequent or more sever peers undesirable behaviors.
8) Remove Earned Tokens: define # of tokens lost: specify # each t…
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How to... 9
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9) Fade the token economy: the goal of fading the token economy is to teach the students to maintain levels of desirable behavior with naturally-occurring rewards and incentives and ease teacher response effort, Fading procedures may begin once the student/class is achieving success consi…
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The student is having trouble linking tokens to the reward
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Deprive the student/class access to the reward except through token exchange
increase the amount and/or intensity of the reward to be accessed with tokens
Allow token exchanges to occur more frequently
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The student is having trouble meeting the goals set
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give it some time
consider lowering the bar.. students need to feel what it is like to succeed
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The student is not responding to the reward
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Ask the students what they would work for
Try out some different rewards
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Efforts to fade the token economy are not working
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If students are having a great deal of difficulty meeting criteria, perhaps you should slow it down.
if students are meeting criteria easily but not consistently, consider speeding it up
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The good behavior game
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a class wide intervention to decrease behaviors in the classroom by dividing the class into teams to compete for an award based on the team with the smaller number of disruptive behaviors during a target setting
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Good Behavior game- How to...
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choose target behaviors
tell students they are playing a game
divide classroom into 2 teams and allow students to choose team name
collect baseline data
explain the game
go over classroom rules at least once a day and or before difficult periods of the day
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Good Behavior game- How to... (2)
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put tally mark under team name when target behavior is displayed
add the total number of tally barks
display team data so students can be aware of progress
record tall marks on daily basis
winner is lower number at end of day
deliver daily rewards to winners
fade rewards
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Good behavior game: Students will purposely not follow classroom rules and cause team to lose
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Form a third team with the single student
take away privileges such as 5 minutes recess for each tally mark that exceeded the criterion
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Alternatives
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you must shuffle teams on occasion to nisure all have the opportunity to win
you can "stack" teams
rather than pit students against each other, you can compete aginst a pre-stated criterion for success
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Data Collection for Good behavior game
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prior to implementing the intervention, data should be collected on 2 or 3 of the most disruptive behaviors
data should be collected for a min of 3 days to establish a baseline of the target behavoirs (record # of instances observed of each target behavior
the class goal should be set b…
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Mystery Motivator
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an incentive system designed to deliver random rewards for appropriate behaviors, pre selected items are used as the motivators for students' behavior
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Mystery Motivator How to... 1-4
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1) Select reward
2) Write reward on paper, put in envelope, and do not tell!
3)Define the behavior you want to increase or decrease
4) Use invisible markers to write an "M" in the squares for reward days: to begin start with 2-3 per week and thin to 1 or2 weeks, make back to bak on occ…
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Mystery Motivator How to... 5-6
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5) If the students meet prespecified criteria, color that day with athe developer pen
6) If no "M" appears congratulate the studtents for appropriate behavior and remind them tomorrow could be a reward day
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What if students complain about the Mystery Motivator and want something else?
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Make the rule beforehand thtat if anyone complains, they will not receive a reward
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What if a student doesn't want to be involved in Mystery Motivator?
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Tell the student they do not have to participate, but they will lose privileges if the target behavior is exhibited
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What if a student attempts to cheat by trying to look in the envelope and see what the reward is?
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Write the reward in pencil or suspend the program for one day
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Home School Note
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An informational note that goes from the classroom to home, and back to school. It provides info between the parents and teacher about a student's classroom behavior and/or academic performance
Other types: Daily Behavior Report Card, School-School Note
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Home-School Note How to... 1-2
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1) Decide on type of Note: Daily notes: useful when program is beginning, keeps paretns well-informed, allows for daily consequences. Weekly Notes: useful when student is performing well, parents need to informed less frequently
2) Set up conference with parents: obtain cooperation, defi…
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Home-School Note How to... 3-5
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3) Define target behaviors: select 3 or 4 behaviors you would like the student to display. Follow steps discussed in token economy to define behaviors
4) Collect baseline date and set reward criteria: W/o the student's knowledge, keep track of how often they exhibit the target behaviors …
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Home-School Note How to... 6-
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6) Introduce the Note to the student: Review and define each of the expected behaviors, give examples and non-examples, inform the student of the criteria necessary for reward
7) Start the note: student receives a point in the form of signature for appropriate behavior during class perio…
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Student continuously loses note or refuses to take it home
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Include a contingency for bringing not home: EX: after school snack is contingent upon bringing note home, consider electronic H-S note
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Student changes ratings or forges teacher's initials
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Student should lose privileges
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There is a substitute teacher
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Leave a not about it or ask a fellow teacher to fill out the note
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Reinforcement is long-term
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Inform parents about appropriate reinforcement and suggest large reinforcement as a bonus
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Parents do not deliver rewards at home
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Allow student to choose a trusted adult at school to provide reinforcement
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Parents refuse to participate
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Explain the note emphasizing the positive aspects and cooperation between school and home, teacher should check note at the end of the day and reward at school
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Self Monitoring
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A method of tracking and recording one's own behavior: self report, self graphing and self assessment. Is a method to increase the likelihood that a person will engage in the correct behavior at the correct time.
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Self- Monitoring How to... 1-5
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1) Select and define target behavior
2) Determine a method for recording the occurrence or non-occurrence of behavior
3) Collect baseline data
4) Select a schedule for self monitoring: how often? consider age
5) Set goals and criteria for change
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Self- Monitoring 6-10
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6) Train student on self- monitoring procedures: describe, model, role play
7) Include reward components for behavior change/ goal attainment
8)Include rewards for accurate SM
9) Evaluate behavior change: look at data!
10) Include strategies for Maintenance and Generalization of Desir…
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Self- Monitoring: Momentary Time Sampling/ Spot Checking
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When student hears the signal he records if he was engaged in the target behavior at the time the signal went off.
Can be used for high frequency behaviors such as talking out in class
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Self-Monitoring: Whole Interval Sampling
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When the signal goes off the student assesses his behavior for the last few minutes
Can be used for behaviors that are long lasting such as being on-task
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Self- Monitoring: Visual Cues
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young children may benefit from visual cues: in addition to sentaences, pictures of appropriate behaviors will be add salience
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Cheating on recording behaviors
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use matching
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Inaccurate SM
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Decrease the length of SM intervals: when high accuracy is achieved increase the length of SM intervals
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PSY 374:Behavioral Psychology