PSY 374:Behavioral Psychology
39 Cards in this Set
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Learning
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a relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of practice, training, or experience
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Classical Conditioning
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a process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a response because of its association with a stimulus that automatically produces the same or similar response
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Classical Conditioning Features
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Involves reflexes, focuses on antecedent events, based on the individual's learning that two things go together
Pavlovian conditioning
Respondent conditioning
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Ivan Pavlov
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Russian physiologist, studied digestion and nervous system in dogs, salivation in response to food (a reflex), discovered classical conditioning by accident
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Neutral Stimulus
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a stimulus that does not elicit a response
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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a stimulus that automatically elicits a response without any prior learning or training
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Unconditioned Response
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the response that occurs automatically to the unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned Stimulus
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a previously neutral stimulus that by its pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, also eventually elicits a response
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Conditioned Response
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the response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus
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John B. Watson
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Born in South Carolina, Department chair at Johns Hopkins, Published Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It in 1913
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Watson and Rayner (1920)
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White rat- Little Albert was able to pet a white rat, Watson hit a steel bar with hammer on seven occasions while Albert was reaching to pet the white rat, As a result Little Albert developed a fear for the rat and similar objects
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Stimulus Generalization
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process whereby other stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus also elicit a conditioned response.
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Stimulus Discrimination
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process whereby the organism learns to tell the difference between two similar stimuli
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Extinction
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the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the conditioned response
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Systematic Desensitization
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technique in behavior therapy in which a competing response (relaxation) is conditioned to a stimuli that previously aroused anxiety
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Operant Conditioning
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refers to the arrangement of environmental variables to establish a functional relationship between a voluntary behavior and its consequences. Focuses on Voluntary behavior instead of reflexes and consequent events that follow a bahvior
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Response
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any observable or measurable act; what a person says or does
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Antecedent
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a stimulus or event that precedes a behavior
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Discriminative Stimulus
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an antecedent event that is associated with or otherwise signals that a response will be reinforced; for ex. the school bell ringing at school is a signal for children to go home to play
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Establishing Operation
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a variable that temporarily alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer; for ex. drinking fluids and exercising heavily for a period of time are EOs for increasing the effectiveness of water as a reinforcer for drinking behavior and behaviors associated with obtaining the water.
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Consequence
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a stimulus or event that occurs immediately after the behavior
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Positive Reinforcement
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contingent presentation of a stimulus following a response which increases the future rate or probability of the response
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Negative Reinforcement
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contingent removal of an aversive stimulus following a response which increases the future rate or probability of the response
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Positive Punishment
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Contingent presentation of an aversive stimulus following a response with decreases the future rate or probability of the response; also called Punishment Type 1 or Presentation Punishment
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Negative Punishment
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contingent removal of a stimulus following a response which decreases the future rate or probability of the response; also called Punishment Type II or Removal Punishment; example is Time Out
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Reinforcement
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ALWAYS increases the probability that behavior will be performed in the future
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Punishment
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ALWAYS reduces the probability that behavior will be performed in the future
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Fixed Ratio Schedule
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when a behavior is reinforced after a fixed number of occurrences; for ex. in you reinforce a behavior after every occurrence FR1. Better for teaching a new behavior or concept.
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Variable Ratio Schedule
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when a behavior is reinforce after some avg number of responses; ex. teacher walks around and check papers after an avg of 5 problems slot machine. Better for maintaining behaviors & producing consistent, high rates of responding that are more resistant to extinction.
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Fixed Interval
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when a behavior is reinforced after a fixed amount of time
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Variable Interval
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when a behavior is reinforced after some avg of time
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Shaping
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the reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior
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Successive Approximation
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developing complex behaviors through the reinforcement of behaviors that increasingly resemble the final form of behavior to be produced
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Extinction
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Process by which, when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcing consequences, the frequency of the behavior decreases in the future
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Extinction Burst
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phenomenon in which, when a behavior is no longer reinforced, the behavior will temporarily increases in frequency, duration, or intensity before it decreases. Novel responses or emotional responses may also occur.
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Premack Principle
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principle stating that any high-probability activity may serve as a positive reinforcer for any low-probability activity; ex. eat all your peas before you can have your cookies
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Behavioral Deficit
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failure to learn an adoptive response; a desirable target behavior that a person seeks to increase in frequency, duration, or intensity; some exs are compliance with requests, social skills, academic achievement
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Behavioral Excess
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Exhibiting maladaptive behaviors that are not accepted by society or others in the person's environment; an undesirable target behavior that the individual seeks to decrease in frequency, duration, or response; exs noncompliance, self injury, aggression
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Seven Principles for the Effective and Human use of Punishment
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Use sparingly, make it clear why, provide with an alternative means of obtaining positive reinforcement, reinforce the child for behaviors incompatible with those you wish to weaken, avoid physical punishment, don't punish while you are angry, punish when a behavior starts
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PSY 374:Behavioral Psychology