PSY 374 1st Edition EXAM STUDY GUIDE LECTURES: 1 – 10What is the formula that explains behaviors?-B = E x B > Behavior is a function of the interaction of environmental variables and biological variables.What is an effective method of managing misbehavior?-Scaffolding studentsWhat was the Benjamin, Cavell & Schallenberger study about?-What college faculty thought about changing answers on a multiple-choice test whether it actually did to the score.What was the result of the B, C, & S study?- Faculty and students believed that changing the answer hurt the score, but research showed that changing the answer generally increased the score.What are the 2 research methods?-Descriptive/correlational research and experimental researchWhat is the weakness of descriptive/correlational research?-It doesn’t explain the causes of behaviorHow many different measures does correlational research always have?-2What is correlation?-It is an index or estimate of how two factors or two variables are related.True or False: The closer the correlation coefficient is to -1 or +1, the stronger the relationship is and the closer to zero it is, the weaker the relationship,-TrueWhat does the sign of the correlational coefficient show?-The direction of the relationship.What is a positive correlation?-Both variables change in the same direction.What is a negative correlation?-Both variables change in opposite directions.True or False: All correlations involve relationships between two variables or measures.-TrueWhat is a perfect correlation?- +1 or -1Does correlation mean causation?-No What does all correlation mean?-That two variables are related.What are the 3 possibilities for a correlation?-A caused B, B caused A, C accounts for both A and B.What are experimental studies?-They allow us to draw conclusions about cause and effect. We manipulate variables in particular ways and then measure the effects of these manipulations. Why do we assign groups for experimental studies randomly?-So that individual differences are evenly distributed. This way the group doesn’t differ in any systematic way before we start.What is an independent variable?-The variable that is manipulated or changed to see its effects on some outcome variable or measure; what the experimenter wants to study.What is a dependent variable?-It’s usually some behavior that is measured or observed; it’s an outcome variable ormeasure that is affected by the independent variable.What is internal validity?-The extent to which the results of an experiment or study can be attributed to the independent variable only.What is external validity?-The extent to which the results of an experiment or study can be generalized to different groups of subjects, different settings, etc.What are the strengths of experimental research?-Conclusions about cause and effect can be drawn.What are the weaknesses of experimental research?-Artificial nature of experiments and ethical and practical issuesWho is the father of American Behavioral Psychology?-John WatsonWhat is learning?-A relatively durable or permanent change in behavior that is the result of the experience.What are the two types of learning or conditioning?-Classical conditioning and operant conditioning Who discovered classical conditioning?-Ivan Petrovich PavlovWho discovered operant conditioning?-Burrhus Frederic Skinner What is classical conditioning?-It deals with reflexes, antecedent events, and based on the individual learning that 2thing/stimuli go together. It looks at events that occur before a response even occurs. True or False: Pavlov discovered classical conditioning by accident because of dogs salivating when cages rattled?-TrueWhat is an unconditioned stimulus?-A stimulus that automatically elicits a response without any prior conditioning or learning; a reflex. What is an unconditioned response?-The response that occurs automatically to the UCS. It is an unlearned reaction/response to an UCS without previous conditioning. What is a conditioned stimulus?-It is a previously neutral stimulus that, through pairing with eh UCS, also eventually elicits a response. What is a conditioned response?-The response that occurs to the CS. It is a learned/conditioned reaction/response tothe CS. The chart of classical conditioning:-CS > UCS > UCR > CRWhat is a stimulus generalization?-The process whereby other stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus also elicits a conditioned response. What is the significance of Watson and Rayner’s research with Little Albert?-It showed that fear is because of classical conditioning. It was one of the very first experimental demonstrations of how a human emotional response could be acquired. What is a systematic desensitization?-A behavior therapy procedure geared to dealing with phobias and anxiety; very successful – around 70-90%; relatively brief; can be done in real life or in a lab. Does classical conditioning or operant conditioning have more applications?-Operant conditioningWhat is operant conditioning?-A form of learning in which responses or behaviors come to be controlled by their consequences; focus is on consequent events; voluntary behaviors. What is positive reinforcement?-Add something after a behavior, which increases the frequency of that behavior. What is negative reinforcement?-Remove something after a particular behavior, which increases that behavior.What is presentation punishment?-Add a stimulus/event after a behavior, which causes that behavior to decrease.What is removal punishment?-A stimulus/event is removed after a behavior, which decreases the frequency of thatbehavior.What is extinction?-Reinforcement no longer follows a behavior and the effect is for a short increase in behavior and then it decreases and dies out. If something is increasing then it is:-Positive/Negative reinforcementIf something is decreasing then it is:-Presentation punishment, removal punishment, or extinction What is an extinction burst?-It gets worse before it gets better.What is Skinner Box also known as?-Operant boxWhat are the 5 types of reinforcers?-Material/tangible, social, token, activity, premack’s principle [Grandma’s rule]What is Premack’s principle/Grandma’s Rule?-Using preferred activities as reinforcement for less preferred activities. “Want some dessert? Then eat your peas first”What are reasons for misbehaving?-To get