PSY 374 1st Edition Lecture 5OUTLINE OF LAST LECTUREI. Experimental StudiesII. Behavioral Learning TheoryOUTLINE OF CURRENT LECTURE I. Operant Conditioning II. Ratio SchedulesCURRENT LECTUREI. Operant conditioning -A form of learning in which responses or behaviors come to be controlled by their consequences.-Focus is on consequent events-Voluntary behaviors- not reflexesPositive Reinforcement involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior will occur again in the future. When a favorable outcome, event, or reward occurs after an action, that particular response or behavior will be strengthened. Negative Reinforcement is a term described by B.F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning. A response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus. Presentation Punishment (Punishment Type I) occurs when a negative outcome is applies in response to a behavior that is not desired, applied to reduce a behavior and it must be connected to the behavior to make it effective. Removal Punishment (Punishment Type II) it is the removal of desirable stimuli in an effort tostop undesirable behavior, it also known as penalty or punishment by contingent withdrawal. Extinction is the gradual disappearance of a learned response. Schedules of Reinforcement- determine which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer.-Schedules are important because different schedules have different effects on behavior. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Ratio Schedules Fixed Ratio (FR)- reinforcer is given after a fixed number of responses. Variable Ratio (VR)- reinforcer is given after a variable number of