101 Cards in this Set
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An Arms Race Occurs When
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there is a repeating cycle of reciprocal adaptation
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What is Bar Coding technique primarily used for?
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Estimate species diversity
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What is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations?
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Genes for traits conferring an advantage to local conditions make microevolution possible.
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Which ecological location has the most diverse species population?
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Tropical rain forest
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How does habitat fragmentation affect genetic diversity within a species?
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Fragmentation decreases diversity by increasing the likelihood of genetic drift.
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What is the dominant conservation problem faced by marine species?
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overexploitation
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Current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because _____.
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the rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates
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When biologists refer to community stability, resilience is a measure of _____.
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how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance
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The most serious consequence to humans of a decrease in global biodiversity would be...
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potential loss of ecosystem services on which people depend
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Which habitats are the most productive?
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the tropical rain forests and coral reefs
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In general, NPP is much higher on land than in the oceans. Why?
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The leading hypothesis is that there is more light available on land than in the ocean.
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What is net primary productivity (NPP)?
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plant biomass or organic material that can be consumed
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Denitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.
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nitrates ... nitrogen gas
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-/-
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Competition
-Intraspecific Competition
-Interspecific Competition
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+/-
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Consumption
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+/+
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Mutualism
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+/0
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Commensalism
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Intraspecific Competition
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Competition between individuals of the same species
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Interspecific Competition
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Competition between individuals of different species
Occurs when the niches of two species overlap
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Competitive Exclusion Principle
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If two species use the same limited resource and occupy the same area, one will eventually exclude the other
Two species cannot occupy the same niche in a community
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Niche
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Sum total of a species' use of biotic and abiotic resources in a community.
-food, soil nutrients
-Water
-Sunlight
-Physical space
-Mutualist partners
-Temperature
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What happens to the loser of the competitive exclusion?
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-Local extinction
-Total extinction
-Resource Partitioning
-Character Displacement
-Dynamic Conditions Change
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Character Displacement
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Two competing species diverge morphologically as a result of competition, to allow resource partitioning and avoid competition
Evolutionary change- genetically based
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Predator
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Characteristics to locate, catch, and consume prey
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Prey
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Characteristics to avoid predator, hide, run away, deter predator, chemical defenses.
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Evolutionary Adaptations of Prey
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-Cryptic coloration
-Aposematic coloration
- Mimicry
-Batesian
-Mullerian
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Batesian Mimicry
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Harmless copies harmful
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Mullerian Mimicry
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Several harmful species have the same coloration or shape.
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Keystone Species
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A species that has an exceptionally great impact on the other species in its ecosystem relative to its abundance.
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Ecological Succession
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Earlier species change the habitat in ways that allow later species to move in and establish dominance.
-Primary
-Secondary
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Primary Succession
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Starts from a completely lifeless substrate without soil
Ex: New volcanic surface, newly exposed rock face, retreating glacier
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Secondary Succession
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Previous community cleared by disturbance, but soil and some life is left intact
Ex: Forest fires
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Species Richness
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Number of species present in a given community
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Species Diversity
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The effective number of different species that are represented in a collection of individuals.
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Energy Hypothesis
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High temperatures increases productivity and the likelihood that organisms can tolerate the physical conditions in a region.
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Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
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The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis states that local species diversity is maximized when ecological disturbance is neither too rare nor too frequent.
Disturbances include: Fires, floods, droughts, volcanic activity, grazing, and human activity.
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Resource Partitioning
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The process by which natural selection drives competing species into different patterns of resource use or different niches.
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Fundamental Niche
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The total theoretical range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate.
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Realized Niche
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The portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies given limiting factors such as competition with other species
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Biotic Components
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Living things that shape an ecosystem
-Producers- Autotrophs
-Consumers- Heterotrophs
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Abiotic Components
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Non-living factors that shape an ecosystem
-Sunlight
-Water
-Temperature
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Chemical Cycling
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Matter can change and be reused
Ex: Nitrogen
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Autotroph
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An organism that can produce its own food
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Tertiary Consumer Eats...
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Secondary Consumers
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Primary Consumers eat...
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Primary Producers
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Secondary Consumers Eat...
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Primary Consumers
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Trophic Level
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The level of an organism on the food chain.
Organisms that obtain their energy from the same type of source occupy the same one.
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The Efficiency of Biomass Transfer Between Trophic Levels is Only About... (%)
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10%
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Biomagnification
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Occurs when the concentration of a substance, like mercury or toxaphene, increases in concentration in higher trophic levels.
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In General Net Primary Production is (Higher/Lower) on Land than it is in Oceans
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Higher, because there is more light available to drive photosynthesis
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The Terrestrial Ecosystem with the Highest Productivity is...
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The Wet Tropics
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Bioeochemical Cycles
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Chemical cycle through biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.
Ex: Water Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Phosphorous Cycle
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What Influences Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems?
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Decomposition Rate which is controlled by:
-Abiotic: Temperature, Moisture, Oxygen Availability
-Biotic: Amount of dead matter to decompose
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How does an Ecosystem Gain/Lose Nutrients?
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Gains: Weathering of rocks, deposited by wind/water, nitrogen fixation by bacteria.
Losses: Organism leaves the ecosystem, particle/ions removed by wind/water.
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Eutrophication
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Addition of nutrients, like organic matter or fertilizers, to an ecosystem
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Outcomes of Increasing CO2
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-Agricultural Changes
-Sea-level rises
-Ocean Acidification
-Cascade of Ecological Interactions Changed
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Consequences of Ozone Depletion
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-26% increase in skin cancer and cataracts for every 10% depletion in the Ozone
-Kills photoplankton and zooplankton (base of food chain)
-Kills and damages plants/animals
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H2O+CO2=
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H2+CO3 (Carbonic Acid)
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H2O+SO2=
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H2+SO3 (Sulfuric Acid)
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H2O+NO2=
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H2+NO3 (Nitric Acid)
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Effects of Acid Rain
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-Kills plants and animals
-Stresses forest communities
-Affects nutrient availability
-Some soils can buffer, others cannot
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Ways to Lessen Effects of High CO2
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-Conserve Energy
-Clean up Emissions
-Alternative Energy Resources
-Nuclear
-Solar
-Wind
-Restore Damage in Environment
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Ecosystem
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Community of living organisms (biotic) in conjunction with the nonliving components (abiotic) of their environment, interacting as a system.
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Ecosystems Have Two Main Processes:
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-Chemical cycling
-Energy Flow
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Energy Flow
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The flow of energy between trophic levels (one way)
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How is Biodiversity Measured?
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Genetic: Within and between population genetic variation associated with adaptations to local conditions.
-Species: Species richness in an ecosystem.
-Ecosystem: Variety of ecosystems in the bioshpere.
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Endangered Species
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A species in danger of extinction throughout all or most of its range
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Threatened Species
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A species that is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.
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Threats to Biodiversity
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-Habitat Destruction
-Introduced Species
-Overexploitation
-Disruption of interaction networks
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Biodiversity
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The diversity of life considered at three levels:
-Genetic
-Species Diversity
-Ecosystem Diversity
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Fragmentation
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An alteration of habitat resulting in spatial separation of habitat units from a previous state of greater continuity.
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Edges
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The boundaries between ecosystems
-More fragmentation=more edges
-Fragmented ecosystems support fewer species
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Minimum Viable Population
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The minimal population size a species is able to sustain and survive
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Invasive Species
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An organism (plant, animal, fungus, or bacterium) that is not native and has negative effects on our economy, our environment, or our health.
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Economic Benefits of Biodiversity
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-Bioprospecting for drugs and other useful compounds
-Bioremediation
- Ecotourism
-Crop Pollination
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Biological Benefits of Biodiversity
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-Increases Productivity
-Increases Ecosystem Stability
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Rivet Model
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Species are like rivets in an airplane. Removal slowly destabilizes community.
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Redundancy Model
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More than one species do a specific "job." Some removals won't affect the community, but too many will.
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Population
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A group of individuals of the same species that interbreed and occupy the same geographic area
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What Determines the Distribution of Geographic Ranges
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Abiotic Determinants: Temperature, rainfall, geology
Biotic Determinants: Species interaction
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Life Table
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Summarizes the probabilities of survival and reproduction in a given time interval.
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Survivorship Curves
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A graph showing the number of individuals surviving at each age for a given species or group.
-Type I: High survivorship, then low survivorship
-Type II: Steady survivorship
-Type III: Low survivorship, then high survivorship
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Fitness Trade-Off
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An inescapable compromise between two traits that cannot be used at the same time.
Ex: Energy devoted to producing offspring is energy taken away from the individuals own metabolism, growth, immune system, ect.
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Intrinsic Rate of Increase
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When birthrates are as high as possible, and death rates are as low as possible
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Logistic Growth Model
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ΔN/Δt=rmaxN*(K-N)/K
N= Population size
t=Time
rmax= Maximum per capita rate of increase
K= Carrying Capacity
More realistic than Exponential, but still doesn't account for predation, disease, ect
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Exponential Growth Model
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ΔN/Δt=B-D
N= Population Size
t=Time
B=Births During Time Interval
D= Deaths During Time Interval
Only realistic in certain situations for a limited amount of time
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Birth and Death per Capita
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B=bN
B= Births During Time Interval
N= Population Size
b= Birth per Capita
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Fitness
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Ability to produce viable offspring.
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Behavior
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An action, reaction to a stimulus
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Behavioral Biology
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The study of how organisms respond to a particular stimulus from those environment.
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Proximate (Mechanistic) Causation
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Explains how actions occur
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Ultimate (Evolutionary) Causation
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Explains why actions occur, with respect to natural selection.
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5 Important Questions in Ecological Biology
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- What should I eat?
- With whom should I mate?
- Where should I live?
- How should I communicate?
- When should I cooperate?
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Foraging
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When animals seek food.
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Optimal Foraging
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Natural selection should select for behavior that maximizes the amount of usable energy they take in.
- Depends on energy and budget risks
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What Controls Mating and Courtship Behaviors?
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- Hormones
- Pheromones
- Visual Cues (Colorization, courtship dances ect.)
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Organisms Can Communicate Via...
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- Visual (movement, color changes, display, ect.)
- Auditory
- Chemical (pheromones, kairomones)
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Direct Fitness
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Fitness derived from their own offspring.
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Inclusive Fitness
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Fitness of an organism is judged by the number of offspring it has, how they support them, and how their offspring could support others. Combination of direct/indirect fitness.
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Kin Selection
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Evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction.
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Hamilton's Rule
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Altruistic behavior is most likely to happen when three conditions are met:
- The fitness benefits of altruistic behavior are high for the recipient
- The Altruist and Recipient are close relatives
- Fitness costs to the altruist are low
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BIOL 200B: CHAPTER 29