BIOL 200B: CHAPTER 28
26 Cards in this Set
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Prokaryotes
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Lack nucleus/ nuclear evelope
(most) lack membrane-bound organelles
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What domains are considered Prokaryotes?
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Bacteria
Archaea
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Medical importance of prokaryotes
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Disease-causing
beneficial
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What do prokaryotes do for the environment?
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Nitrogen fixers
decomposers
bioremediation of pollutants
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What is the oldest fossil?
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Stromatolites
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What are stromatolites?
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Free-living cyanobacteria and calcium carbonate
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What are the variations in bacteria?
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Size
Shape
Mobility
Cell Wall
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Difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative
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Gram-positive cell walls have a thicker peptidoglycan
Gram-negative cell walls are harder to treat with antibiotics, and lipopolysaccharides may be toxic
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What are mycoplasmas?
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Bacteria without a cell wall
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What is most of the diversity in prokaryotes?
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Metabolic not morphological
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Where do they get their energy?
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Sunlight
Organic compounds
Inorganic compounds
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Where do they get their carbon?
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CO2
Organic compounds
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What types of metabolims do prokaryotes use?
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Photoheterotrophs
Chemoorganoautotrophs
Chemolithoautotrophs
Chemolithoheterotrophs
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Phototrophs
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Use energy from sunlight
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Chemoorganotrophs
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Energy from organic stuff
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Chemolithotrophs
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Energy from inorganic stuff
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Where do they get their nitrogen?
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Organic forms
Certain ionic forms
Can use nitrogen gas
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Firmicutes
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Some do photosynthesis, some use H2 in respiration
Some are common in human gut
Some cause disease: Anthrax, botulism, tetanus, strep, etc.
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Spirochaetes
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Spiral shaped
flagellate
heterotrophs
includes causes of syphilis, lyme disease
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Actinobacteria
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Mostly heterotrophs
soil nitrogen fixers
source of many antibiotics
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Chlamydiae
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STD and common cause of blindness
All are endosymbionts (live inside other cells)
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Cyanobacteria
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"Normal" photosynthesis
Produce our O2 atmosphere
Some are N-fixers
Some were endosymbionts that evolved into chloroplasts
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Proteobacteria
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Extremely diverse group- metabolism, morph., ecology
Includes E. coli- very important to micro- and molecular biology
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Domain Archaea
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Many are extremophiles
Some live in volcanic vents, hot springs, glaciers, antarctica, swamps
Some are chemoautotrophs
Some are obligate anaerobes
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Methanogens
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Live in swamps, bogs, guts of animals
Produce "swamp gas"
Use CO2 to reduce H2, methane (CH4) produced as by product
Poisoned by O2, so much live in anaerobic conditions
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How does genetic variation spread?
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Mutations
Transformation (cell takes up free DNA from environment)
Tranduction (prokaryote sex)
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BIOL 200B: CHAPTER 29