78 Cards in this Set
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Prokaryotes
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lack nucleus
(most) lack membrane-bound organelles
All metabolic reactions take place in same room
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Aerobic Prokaryote
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Respiratory membrane
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Photosynthetic
prokaryotes
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Thylakoid membranes
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Tree of Life
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Everything was and animal or plant
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Carl Woese
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Campared RNA sequences from different type of "bacteria" & other organisms
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3 domains of life
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bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
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Medical importances of having bacteria and archaea on us?
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some are disease causing and can be beneficial
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What is Bacteria and Archaea's ecosystem importance in agricultural and wild life systems?
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nitrogen fixers
decomposers
bioremediation of pollutants
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What are stromatolites?
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Oldest fossil
free-living cyanbacteria and calcium carbonate rich waters
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Bacteria Shape?
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Rods, spheres, and spirals
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Mobility of Bacteria?
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some are immobile but mostly swimming and gliding
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Prokaryotic cell wall
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cell wall external to plasma membrane
different materials than eukaryotic cell walls
variation in make up
gram-positive (stain more)
gram-negative (stain less)
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Importance of cell wall in treating disease causing bacteria?
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antibiotics attack peptidoglycan
mycoplasmas are bacteria
evolved to be antibiotic resistant
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Why is gram negative harder to treat?
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toxins on cell wall
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Most diversity among prokaryotes is...
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metabolic
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weird photosynthesis with H2 in respiration
common in human gut
cause disease: Anthrax, botulism, strep, and tetanus
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Firmicutes
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Mostly heterotrophs
soil nitrogen fixers
source of many antibiotics
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Actinobacteria
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STD
cause of blindness
andosymbionts
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Chlamydia
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Normal photosynthesis
produced in 02 rich atmosphere
Some are Nitrogen fixers
endosymbionts evolved into chloroplast
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Cyanbacteria
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extremely diverse
E.cloi- important to micro and molecular biology
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Proteobacteria
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Domain Archaea
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Many extremophiles
volcanic vents, hot springs, glaciers
Chemoautotrophs & Photoheterotrophs
obligate anaerobes
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What are Protists?
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all eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or land plants
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What group are protists?
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Paraphyletic
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Where do protists live?
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aquatic enviornment
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A photosynthetic protists
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Alga/e
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Free floating aquatic communities
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Plankton
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Free floating unicell algae & cyanobacteria
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Phytoplankton
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Protist diversification evolution? (3)
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innovative structures for support protection and feeding
Nucleus and endomembrane system
Protective coverings
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what flexible membrane and dynamic cytoskeleton allow protists to move and hunt?
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Pseudopodia
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How do protists without cell walls ingest food?
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surround and engulf prey
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Nutritional diversity of Protists?
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Heterotrophs (absorb organic molecules)
Photoautotrophs (photosynthetic)
mixotrophs (can do both)
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What are the energy organelles in Protists?
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Mitochondria and Cholroplast
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What does Mitochondria do?
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change sugars to ATP-aerobic respiration
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What does CHloroplasts do?
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Convert solar energy to chemical-photosynthesis
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What is the Endosymbiosis Theory? (3)
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Replicate by fission
own ribosomes to manufacture own proteins
own genomes w/ genes that code for enzymes needed to replicate and transcribe
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What does Molecular phylogenetic analysis provide strongest evidence for?
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endosymbiosis theory
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What have Chloroplasts diversified through?
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Secondary endosymbiosis in Protists
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What is a Cryptomonads?
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alga w/ secondary chloroplasts
4 membranes around chloroplast
vestigal
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Why do Apicomplexans support endosymbiosis?
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All are parasites of animals
DNA places a clade of algae
non-functioning chloroplasts (vestigal)
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What kind of reproduction can protists do?
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Sexual:meiosis and fusion of gametes
Asexual: mitosis
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What is an Animal?
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multicellular
heterotrophic eukaryotes
lack cell walls
ingest their food
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What is the Ectoderm and Endoderm?
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Ectoderm:skin and nerves
Endoderm: Lining of gut
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Part 1 of Body plan
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Origin of Tissues
just collection of cells
Diploblasts and triploblasts
some have epithelium
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What is a diploblast and a triploblast?
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Diploblasts: Two embryonic germ layers (Endoderm and Ectoderm)
Triploblasts: Three embryonic germ layers (Mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm
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Part 2 of body plan
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Origin of bilateral symmetry and its correlations
radial symmetry
Bilateral
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What is Radial Symmetry?
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Two of more planes of symmetry.
Nerve net: diffuse neurons in hydra
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What is Bilateral Symmetry?
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One plane of symmetry
central nervous system: cluster of neurons
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Difference between Radial and Bilateral animals?
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Radial encounters environment = all directions
Bilateral encounters environment = one body end (head)
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Part 3 of Body plan
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Origin of body cavity (Coelom) in triloblasts
Acoelomates
coelomates
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Where does Coelom form?
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Mesoderm
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What are Acoelomates missing?
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A body cavity
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What is Coelomates?
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have a fluid filled body cavity
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Part 4 of Body plan
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Origin of Protostomes and Deuterostomes
Gastrulation
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Why does the mesoderm form differently in protostomes and deuterostomes?
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Protostomes are blocks of solid
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Part 5 of body plan
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Origin of segmentation
vertebrates, arthropods, and annelids
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Porifera (sponges)
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non bilaterians
benthic, mostly marine
sessile suspension
asexual and sexual
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Ctenophora (comb jellies)
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non bilaterians
Mostly plankton, Marine
Predators
motility via cilla
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Cnidarians
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non bilaterians
Mostly marine predators
sexual and asexual
specialized stinging cells for capturing prey
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Two major clades of protostomes?
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Lophotrochozoans
ecdysozoans
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Lophotrochozoans?
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Diverse body plans
no distinguishing synapomorphy
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Ecdysozoans
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clear synapomorphy
growth by molting
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Arthropods (Ecdysozoan) body type
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segmented body
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Mollusk body plan
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Not segmented, visceral mass
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Worm body plan
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Tube like, specialized mouthparts
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Major groups of lophotrochozoans
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annelida & mollusca
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Mollusca
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Coelum reduced or absent
visceral mass (Digestion, Excretion, reproduction)
muscular foot (locomotion, attachment, food capture)
distinct head in some species
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Annelida
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true coelom
sensory organs & brain anteriorly
closed circulatory system
digestive tract
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Major groups of ecdysozoans?
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Nematodes & Arthropods
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Nematodes
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Marine, Soil
Pseudocoelom-hydrostatic skeleton
cuticle melts as animal grows
trichinosis in humans
caenohabditis
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Arthropods
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Most important
over 1 million species
modular bodies
jointed appendages
chitinous
segmented body
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Drove diversification?
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Body plan allowed for filing variety of niches
Novel adaptations to terrestrial life, feeding, moving, and reproducing.
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What is a deuterostome?
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Vertebrates and several invertebrates
triploblastic
vertebrates are monophyletic
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Echinoderms
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sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins
100% marine
Larva and Adult echinoderms
Synapomorphies
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What are bilaterally symmetric?
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Larva
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What are radially symmetric?
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Adult echinoderms
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What are the three parts of Synapomorphies?
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endoskeleton
radial symmetry in adults
water vascular system
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What are the four features of Chordates?
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Pharyngeal gill sills
suspension feeding
Dorsal Hollow nerve cord
Notochord
organizes development of vertebrate & ribs
Muscular post-anal tail
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What are Hox Genes?
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They help regulate development of embryos
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BIOL 200B: CHAPTER 29