149 Cards in this Set
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Lifespan Perspective
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this states that you cannot look at any aspect of development in isolation, and divides human development into 2 phases
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Main Processes of the Lifespan Perspective (6)
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1. Development is a lifelong process
2. Development is multidisciplinary
3. Gains and losses
4. Plasticity
5. Embedded in history
6. Occurs within a context
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Brofenbrenner's Ecological Model
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this states that our life systems and forces influence us as we develop; there are 3 different levels of systems
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Life Systems of Ecological Model
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1. Microsystem
2. Exosystem
3. Macrosystem
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Microsystem
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one of the life systems in the ecological system; the closest, everyday systems that influences our well-being which includes family, religious setting, and classroom peers
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Macrosystem
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one of the life systems in the ecological system; the societal force/system that influences which includes political systems/beliefs, economics, culture, nationality, and society
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Controversies in Aging
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1. Nature vs. Nurture
2. Mechanistic vs. Organismic
3. Continuity vs. Discontinuity
4. Stability vs. Change
5. Universal vs. Context Specific
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Mechanistic
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changes that happen passively
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Organismic
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we can influence how our changes influence us
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Discontinuity
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development occurs in chunks, stages; these approaches usually focus on the kinds of characteristics a person has
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Continuity
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development occurs all the time, in little changes; these approaches usually focus on the amount of characteristic a person has
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Applied Theories of Aging
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these types of theories try to help aging adults function better
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Time of Measurement
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this is when you conduct this research
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Cohort Effect
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this is commonly found as a flaw with cross-sectional research design; differences can be due to the cohort rather than age
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Attrition
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losing participants due to extenuating circumstances which may result in data skewing
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Construct Validity
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does the measure actually measure what it's supposed to measure?
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Ecological Validity
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the extent to which a measurement reflects a real world situation
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Observational Research
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a type of descriptive research; observe how people behave in the natural environment, but unfortunately you have no control over what may/may not happen
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Participant Observer
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a type of descriptive research; observe how people behave in the natural environment, but unfortunately you have no control over what may/may not happen
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Participant Observer
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a type of descriptive research; you yourself engage with participants in the natural environment, however it is problematic because you could influence behaviors with your own
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Focus Groups
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a type of descriptive research; gathering a small target group and ask them questions
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Multidirectionality
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a key feature/process of the lifespan perspective; development involves both growth and decline, as people grow in one area they may lose in another and at different rates
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Plasticity
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a key feature/process of the lifespan perspective; one's capacity is not predetermined or set in concrete, many skills can be learned or improved with practice even late in life (although there are still some limits to the amount of potential improvement)
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Historical Context
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a key feature/process of the lifespan perspective; each of us develops within a particular set of circumstances determined by the historical time in which we are born and the culture in which we grow up
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Stability-Change Controversy
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this controversy describes the degree to which people remain the same over time; focuses more on how specific characteristics are defined and measured
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Continuity-Discontinuity Controversy
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this controversy describes whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression over time or a series of abrupt shifts
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Universal-Context Specific Controversy
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this controversy describes whether there is just one path of development or several
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Universal
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the idea that there is one basic process for everyone; differences in development are simply variations on a fundamental developmental process
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Context-Specific
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the idea that adult development and aging are inextricably intertwined with the context in which they occur; a person's development is a product of complex interactions with the environment, which is unique to everyone
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Terminal Drop
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intellectual abilities show a marked decline the last few years before death
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Senescence
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this corresponds to physiological changes due to aging
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Programmed Theories of Aging
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these theories are based on the hypothesis that we are born with a set time limit, and once that runs out, we die
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Hayflick Number
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the maximum number of times that a cell can reproduce; once you pass this number, the cell will die; roughly 50 for humans; this seems to be correlated with longevity
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Telomeres
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tips of chromosomes that little bits of fall off every time the DNA replicates itself; length of these seems to be mechanism of Hayflick number
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Mutation Accumulation Theory
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an evolution theory of aging that postulates that throughout life, we gain genetic and cell changes due to environmental harm which can pile up and cause functional problems; this process seems to be paused in women until after they bear children, then those accumulations may happen quick…
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Antagonistic Pleiotropy Theory
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an evolution theory of aging that states that there are genes that help with early childbearing and fitness at the cost of accelerating aging
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p53
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a messenger that orders cells to stop dividing; this works less as we grow older and may increase the risk of cancer
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Pleiotropy
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the idea that a gene can code for multiple traits
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Human Growth Hormone
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this hormone increases muscle mass and hair growth; too much can lead to development of cancer and diabetic symptoms
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Melatonin
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this hormone is developed in pineal gland which helps with circadian rhythms and seems to be related with anti-aging in animals (although no evidence in humans)
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DHEA
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this hormone is developed in adrenal glands which helps with the production of androgen and estrogen and declines significantly after menopause
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Types of Programmed Theories of Aging
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1. Hayflick Number
2. Hormonal
3. Mutation Accumulation Theory
4. Antagonistic Pleiotropy Theory
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Unprogrammed Theories of Aging
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these theories relate to how environmental exposure influences how long you live
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Types of Unprogrammed Theories of Aging
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1. Wear and Tear
2. Free Radicals
3. Garbage Accumulation
4. DNA Damage and Repair
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Wear and Tear Theory
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this theory states that too much overuse, exposure, and damage may cause a shorter lifespan
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Free Radicals Theory
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this theory postulates that the unstable ions that are naturally produced by metabolism, if not properly resolved, fuse with DNA and can cause dysfunction in the body; as we age, we become less efficient at resolving with these ions and may cause aging
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Garbage Accumulation Theory
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this theory states that the junk (lipofuscin) in the body continues to build up in the body and the inability to properly dispose this can cause aging
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Lipofuscin
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the junk, byproduct of metabolism; liverspots are pockets of this
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DNA Damage and Repair Theory
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this theory states that more and more cells receive the wrong instructions and there less repair DNA units to deal with these errors, leading to aging
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Leaky Defense Hypothesis
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this hypothesis states that as you get older, your protection against illnesses gets weaker; 90% of the thymus gland is degraded as you get older
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Autoimmune Hypothesis
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this hypothesis states that the immune system may be actually destroying good tissue and not doing what it's supposed to be doing anymore
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Epidermis
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this thins as we age, which makes it easier for one to bleed
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Melanocytes
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there are fewer of these and the few that remain get bigger and look spotty
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Sebaceous Glands
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these secrete sebum, an oil that lubricates your skin; as you get older, these are reduced and secrete less sebum, leading to drier skin
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Subcutaneous Fat Layer
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this gets thinner as we age, leading to feeling cold more easily and absorbing less of a medication
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Sweat Glands
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these are reduced, leading to increased risk of overheating and heat stroke and less resilience
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Blood Vessels in Skin
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these become more fragile and lead to a higher chance of bruising
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Anti-Aging Creams
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these help to break down dying tissue and replace it with stronger tissue; main ingredients include retinol, alpha-lipoic acid, and glycolic acid
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Melanoma
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aka skin cancer
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Crow's Feet
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wrinkles around the eyes
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Melanin
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the coloring/pigments cells in hair; this starts to fade as we grow older, leading to graying hair
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Alopecia
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technical term for hair loss
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Male Pattern Baldness
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hair recedes in an "m" shape, the crown bald patch eventually meeting the top points to form a horseshoe shape
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Female Pattern Baldness
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hair thins globally
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DHT
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this seems to be linked to hair thinning; chokes the blood supply to the hair follicle, leading to thinning and eventual hair loss
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Hair Growth for Older Men
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hair more likely to grow in the ears, nostrils, backs, and eyebrows
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Hair Growth for Older Women
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hair more likely to grow on the lip, chin, chest, and abdomen
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Functional Height
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this is how far you can reach; this decreases as we get older, more for women than men
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Basal Metabolism
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ability to burn calories slows as we get older; this is affected by eating and exercise
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Larnyx
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this determines what your voice sounds like along with the vocal cords
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Voice Changes in Older Adults
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1. Higher pitch in men
2. Lower pitch in women
3. Reduced volume and projection
4. Reduced vocal endurance
5. Shakiness
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Arteries
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these carry blood away from the heart
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Veins
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these carry blood to the heart
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Capilliaries
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this serves as a connection facility between veins and arteries
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Systolic Blood Pressure
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the force that the blood is being pumped from the heart
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Diastolic Blood Pressure
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the force that the blood is being pumped back into the heart
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Low Blood Pressure
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this can mean that insufficient oxygen is being carried to the rest of the body
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Hypertension
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aka high blood pressure; results from poor diet and exercise and increases risk for heart attack and stroke
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Arteriosclerosis
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the arteries become less flexible and becomes more narrow; this happens naturally as we get older and we cannot control this
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Arteriosclerosis
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plaque builds up and blocks the arteries; we can control this to a certain degree
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Myocardial Infarction
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aka heart attack, a stroke in the heart
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Coronary Heart Disease
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the disease in which the arteries that supply the heart are clogging up and stiffening to the point where the heart is getting insufficient oxygen leading to heart attack
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Bypass Surgery
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a surgical procedure which involves rerouting an artery from the body to the heart which relieves pressure on blockage in the heart
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Carotid Arteries
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arteries from the heart to the front of the brain
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Cerebral Arteries
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arteries from the heart to the back of the brain
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Treatments of Ischemic Stroke
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1. tPA
2. Anticoagulants
3. Carotid Endarterectomy
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tPA
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this is a clot-busting agent critical to use proximal to the stroke
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Carotid Endarterectomy
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this surgical procedure that involves opening the carotid artery to remove plaque
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Transient Ischemic Attack
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a very brief, small stroke that you can fully recover from and serves as a precursor for a real stroke
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Cause of Height Loss
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usually the compression of the spine from loss of bone strength, changes in vertebrae in the spine, and changes in posture
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Cause of Weight Gain
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changes in metabolism (tends to slow down) and reduced levels of exercise, which in turn reduces number of calories needed daily; most people do not change their diets accordingly
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Cause of Weight Loss
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due to loss of both muscle and bone in late life, which weighs more than fat
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Presbyopia
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eye condition defined by difficulty in seeing close objects clearly, caused by the stiffening muscles surrounding the lens
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Emphysema
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the most serious type of COPD which is characterized by the destruction of the membranes around the air sacs in the lungs; creates holes in the lung, drastically reducing the ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide; caused by smoking
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Perimenopausal Phase
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the point at which ovaries stop releasing eggs and leads into menopause
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Menopause Symptoms
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1. Hot flashes
2. Night sweats
3. Headaches
4. Vaginal dryness
5. Mood changes
6. Difficulty concentrating
7. Memory problems
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Neurofibrillary Tangles
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fibers in the axon become twisted together to form paired helical, or spiral, filaments; associated with behavioral abnormalities and a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's
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Neuritic Plaques
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damaged and dying neurons sometimes collect around a core of protein to produce this; also associated with Alzheimer's
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COMT Inhibitor
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these block a key enzyme responsible for breaking down L-dopa before it reaches the brain, making L-dopa more effective
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Hypothermia
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body temperature below 35C over a long period of time; elderly men more commonly die from this
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Hyperthermia
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body temperature above 40.5C that cannot be relieved by sweating; elderly women more commonly die from this
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Arrhythmia
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lack of consistent heart rate (too fast/slow, irregular)
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Sinoatrial Node
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this is located top of the right atrium of the heart; regulates your heartbeat and rhythm which eventually starts to degrade and becomes less consistent leading to arrhythmia
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Type I Diabetes
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not producing enough insulin in the body, usually found in children
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Type II Diabetes
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an issue of how this insulin is being used in the body; the receptors for insulin become less sensitive over time, therefore insulin is not able to do its job
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Osteoblasts
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these mechanisms help build bone
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Osteoclasts
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these remove calcium from your bones, essentially breaking them down; if you are calcium deficient, these will take calcium from the bones to help supply the body
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Osteoporosis
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a degenerative bone condition that is more common in women during menopause; the severe deterioration of bone mass and tissue leading to increased fragility and risk of fracture and decreased height and poor posture
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Hormone Replacement Therapy
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this treatment could be potentially used to help with various aspects and diseases of aging, such as menopause, osteoporosis, and hair loss; unfortunately there is an increased risk of cancer
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Antiresorptive Agents
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type of special medication that blocks osteoclasts from taking calcium from the bones; shown to reduce losses in osteoporosis
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Arthritis
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damage to the joints
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Osteoarthritis
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the deterioration of cartilage between the joints due to wear and tear that can cause the bones to grind against each other leading to pain and discomfort
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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a pathological autoimmune disorder that damages cartilage between the joints causing the bones to grind against each other
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Alveoli
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structure in the lungs that help with processing oxygen from the air we breathe; surface area decreases and their processing capacity decreases as we age
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Cilia
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hair in the lungs that capture foreign particles that enter our lungs to prevent problems these particles could cause; these also decline as we age
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Aging Mouth
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lining of this atrophies somewhat leading to dry mouth
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Aging Stomach
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lining of this atrophies leading to issues with absorbing vitamin B12
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Aging Colon
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this loses more water leading to issues with bowel movement and constipation
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Aging Liver
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this remains highly function, unless you abuse alcohol
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Aging Gallbladder
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this has issues with digestion and fatty acid if an unhealthy diet
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Aging Kidney
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the volume of this decreases leading to issues with filtration
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Aging Bladder
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this stiffens making it less likely to get rid of all the urine, leading to more frequent urination
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Andropause
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the changes associated with a man's reproductive functions due to aging; testicular tissue and sperm production decreases
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Erectile Dysfunction
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the inability to maintain an erection which can lead to depression and feelings of worthlessness; linked to cardiovascular problems in general
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Menopause
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the menstrual cycle stops for 12 consecutive months and from that point on, menstruation stops completely
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Historectomy
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the surgical removal of the ovaries
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Types of Immune System Cells
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1. T-cells
2. B-cells
3. Natural Killer cells
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T-cells
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these cells are designed to attack problems
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B-cells
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these cells produce antibodies at a distance; production declines as we age and linked to an increased risk of cancer among other things
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Thymus Gland
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this helps produce t-cells with thyroxin and is vital to the immune system; as we get older this shrinks and is mostly replaced with fat, leading to decreased t-cells
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Interneurons
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these help code memory, process information, and thinking; affected by senescence
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Changes in Sleep
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1. Falling and staying asleep may become more difficult
2. Less deep sleep
3. Bladder and urination
4. Feeling less restful
5. Go to bed and awaken earlier
6. Less vivid and fewer sexual dreams
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Zinc
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this nutrient helps with immune system fortification
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Fiber
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this nutrient helps maintain normal bowel movement
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Vitamin B12
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this nutrient is important for cognitive function, attentional abilities, and memory
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Mangosteen
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this supplement is linked to immune system boost and recovering from illness (i.e. cold)
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Vitamin D
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this vitamin is linked to cardiovascular health, overall systemic health; "super vitamin"
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Folic Acid
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this supplement is important for development of the nervous system (pregnancy and normal) and cardiovascular health
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Joint Juice
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this medication seems to help recovering eroded cartilage in joints found in arthritis by using glucosomine
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Glucosomine
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natural substance of cartilage
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Ginkgo Biloba
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this supplement can help with memory; however too much can lead to bleeding behind the eye
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Accommodation
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the act of adjusting your vision to dimmer light conditions
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Vitreous Fluid
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fluid in the eyeball that becomes thinner as we get older, may lead to tearing of the retina
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Detached Retina
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the retina can tear off due to thinning of vitreous fluid that can lead to blindness in that area of the retina
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Cataracts
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eye lens becomes blurred leading to blurred vision; can be resolved with surgery
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Glaucoma
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abnormally high pressure in your eye which can cause tunnel vision
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Macular Degeneration
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this affects what we focus on when we look at something that can cause a swirling visual effect in the center of your vision
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Macula
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this is a specific section of the retina that helps with visual acuity
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Floaters
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proteins that build up in the eye fluid and drift around in your visual field
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PSYC 322: EXAM 1