PSYCH 322 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Chapters 4-6Chapter 4:-Harter: social cognitive construction-Hazel Markus: multiple selves-Self-esteem: global evaluation of self-Self-concept: domain-specific evaluation of self-Narcissism: self-centered, more aggressive when shamed. Those with higher self-esteem are more narcissistic.-Self-esteem: decreases when children make transition from elementary school tohigher school-Boys: report higher self esteem-Physical Appearance: powerful contributor to self-esteem (Harter)-Peer judgments: gain importance (Harter)-Low-self-esteem: depression, eating disorders, suicide, delinquency-Self-integration: process of piecing together parts of self-Erik Erikson: identity confusion, crisis, identity is part of culture-Damon: “Path to Purpose” too many youth aren’t moving toward identity resolution-Marcia: many think he oversimplifies Erikson-Identity: takes place in emerging adulthood-Bicultural Identity: ethnic group vs. majority culture-Emotion: when person is in interation important to them (sense of well-being)-Hall: emotional turmoil. Moodiness is normal-Emotional competence: aware of emotional cycles. Self-regulatory strategies.-Personality development: through self-understanding, develop integrated sense of identity-Stability: achievement of an identity-Change: adaptation to new -Temperament: characteristic way of responding-Chess & Thomas: three types of infants-Easy: unproblematic-Difficult: no adaptation to new environments-Slow-to-warm-up: slow activity level-Goodness of fit: fit temperament with environmentChapter 5:-Puberty: intensifies sexual changes-Genitals: influence behavior-Anatomy is destiny: Freud-Alice Eagly: Social Role Theory-Females: less power, less status-Parents: first role model of gender behavior-Social cognitive theory of gender: observing others, reward & punishment of gender appropriate behavior-Gender stereotypes: boys stereotypes are more rigid than girls’. No gender difference in intellectual ability.-Hyde: cognitive differences are exaggerated-Eagly: Gender differences are due to social conditions-Bem: Androgyny, Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), died of Alzheimer’s -Androgyny: possess equal amount of masculine and feminine qualities-Boys: often socialized not to show emotion-Gender-Role Transcendence: competence is at issue-Gender Intensification: difference between boys and girls greatens-Carol Gilligan: feminist. Girls become aware of male-dominated culture. Begin to “silence” their “different voice”. Critical juncture for girls.Chapter 6:-Sexuality: influenced by social norms-Oral sex: common occurrence-Bonnie Halpern-Felsher: oral sex is better, no risk for pregnancy. Though STI’s aremore likely-Sexual Script: stereotyped patter of how they should behave-Deborah Tolman: “Dilemmas of Desire” a choice between girls’ sexual feelings and their safety-Risk Factors: not emotionally prepared, younger sex= problems with more risky behaviors, impulse control-Emerging Adulthood: most sexually active & unmarried-Homosexuality: no biological basis-Developmental pathways: how did you know you were gay?-Kinsey: 7 point scale. Sexuality on a continuum-Masters & Johnson: orgasm research-Homophobia: irrational negative feelings against same-sex interations-Masturbation: most frequent sexual outlet for adolescents-Joslyn Elders: perhaps sexuality should be TOUGHT-Caitlin Stasey: united states highest adolescent pregnancy and child birth-Non-marital: births have increased-Adolescent marriage: rare-Abortion: easier to obtain in some countries. 27% of teen pregnancies ended in abortion-Legal abortion in US: less risk of abortion than bearing a child as an adolescent-Brookings Institute: low-income women are being “priced out” of their ability to control their fertility. Greater risk for unplanned pregnancy-Infants born to adolescent mothers: more likely to be preterm & have low birth weight-Adolescent Mothers: many were not good students to being with-50% of all STI’s: acquired by adolescents-HIV & AIDS: destroy s body’s immune system. Young gay males. Low-income-Herpes: 3-5 days after contact= symptoms. Itching/tingling. Painful sores & blisters. 20% of adolescents have them. NO CURE-Genital Warts: MOST COMMON. Caused by HPV. Linked to genital cancers. CDC recommended all 11-16 year old females to be given 3-dose HPV vaccine. NOW boys can get it too.-Gonorrhea: the “clap”, the “drip”, caused by BACTERIA. Males have discharge & burning during urination. Females have irritating discharge. Treatment: antiviral drugs-Syphilis: can be transmitted to fetus. Treatment= penicillin-Chlamydia: 70% of women can contract in a single encounter. If left untreated: can spread to upper reproductive tract. Pelvic inflammatory disease.-Sexual harassment: legal definitions of state differ for rape-Rapists: aggression enhances their “power” or “masculinity”. Angry at females in general. Want to hurt females. -Date Rape: rape from somebody you know-Victimization factors: living on campus. Being unmarried. Getting drunk frequently. Sexually victimized on prior occasion.-Rape is traumatic -Quid pro quo: school employee or someone of higher status uses sexual favors as blackmail or a bribe- Abstinence only: does NOT