76 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Scientific Hypothesis
|
specific prediction in the form of an "If....then" statement
|
|
Scientific Law
|
well-established general principles and regularities (law of gravity, law of evolution)
|
|
Scientific Theory
|
possible explanation of an observation
|
|
possible explanation of an observation
|
focus on a social phenomena
|
|
Empirical reality
|
what we know through our senses
|
|
Interpretive Approach
|
focus on the world of meaning and symbols
|
|
liberal arts vs. applied fields
|
able to read, write, and think critically vs. general ideas used to investigate problems
|
|
methodological naturalism
|
assumption that the universe is real
|
|
one-system feilds
|
thinking about one thing; precise
|
|
multi-system feilds
|
having different "schools" of thought; less precise
|
|
ontology
|
ontological naturalism- assumption that "nothing exists except for nature", no supernatural forces or beings
|
|
positivist approach
|
use assumptions, methods, and models that resemble those of natural sciences
|
|
prediction
|
predictive aspects of modeling
|
|
synthesis
|
takes multiple sources into a whole
|
|
analysis
|
breaks down the text in order to look at the part
|
|
social scale
|
size of the social group involved. In this course "the individual" and "the society"
|
|
positivist research
|
finding generalities that apply to different situations, us the "individual" to provide different data points
|
|
phenomenological research
|
interpret feeling and understanding individual experience; focus on low individuals how they felt
|
|
agency
|
individual autonomy, has the ability to act and make decisions
|
|
ecological fallacy
|
error in logic where inappropriately applies a group characteristics to the individual scale
|
|
scientism/reductionism
|
involves over-simplification of a complex issue into a single factor, or very small number of factors
|
|
simple models
|
has few points or relationships when presenting data
|
|
complex models
|
has lots of points or relationships when presenting data
|
|
union of sets
|
merging together, all together
|
|
intersection of sets
|
like this....also this
|
|
fuzzy sets
|
boundaries are not necessarily so well defined
|
|
index value/variable
|
comparison that you think in relevant
|
|
proxy measure/variable
|
when something cannot be measured directly a proxy is used
|
|
teleological explanation
|
confuses effect with function or purpose
|
|
functional explanation
|
describes what is, not origins or range of variation. Must link observation and inference through some other idea
|
|
testable model
|
has information available however that is obtainable, provides results
|
|
casual functional questions
|
asks about the mechanism or process
|
|
necessary condition
|
have to have condition
|
|
sufficient condition
|
need only condition
|
|
contributing condition
|
like a catalyst - speeds up a reaction condition
|
|
precipitating condition
|
tipping point condtion
|
|
exchange models
|
involving new information, the decision is open ended and they come with a cost
|
|
adaption models
|
assume people learn from experience, and that the environment provides accurate and timely feedback
|
|
diffusion models
|
people can learn from others not just form their own experiences
|
|
Invisible Hand of the Market
|
unintended social benefits resulting from individual actions
Adam Smith
|
|
Primary source
|
original source of information
|
|
secondary source
|
comments on a primary source
|
|
tertiary source
|
any kind of summary document or commentary or review
|
|
labor theory value
|
economic value of a good or service should be related to the amount of labor required to produce it
|
|
mechanical solidarity
|
social relationships on similarity
|
|
organic solidarity
|
relationships of inter-dependence between people that arises from differentiation
|
|
cultural landscape
|
idea that the natural environment is not just "out there" but humans create a cultural landscape though use
Sauer
|
|
cultural ecology
|
study of interactions between people and the natural environment
|
|
environmental determinism
|
idea that climate or environment neccessairly and results in some human characteristics
|
|
neurosis
|
hysteria would stem from repression, involves cognition, emotional response, self-control, social relationships
|
|
psychosis
|
person loses touch with reality.
Schizophrenia is a type of psychosis
|
|
Id
|
oldest and most animal instinct of life, sex, and dealth
|
|
Ego
|
unconscious mind(urges)
|
|
Super Ego
|
represents the "civilizing" part of the brain --- logical, rational part of brain
|
|
vocation
|
job calling
|
|
bureaucracy
|
organizing labor withing the organization or institution
|
|
Evolutionary economics
|
linking of Darwins ideas of competition, adaption, survival to explain
|
|
Etic
|
outsiders point of view
|
|
EMIC
|
insiders point of veiw
|
|
Rational
|
logical, objective, not emotional
|
|
Patriarchal
|
society traces through the father, en are in charge of the house
|
|
Matriarchal
|
descent through the mother, but the women's brother would be in charge of the house
|
|
Pastoral Economy
|
based on herding animals, tending of animals; animal husbandry
|
|
Pasoralism
|
ideal state of being, beauty and harmony; care and breeding of crops and animals
|
|
Calvinism
|
type of christian Protestantism, highly ascetic (minimalist, plain)
|
|
Jefferson Democracy
|
de-centralized power, and idea that emphasizes federal regulation, responsibility, and so on
|
|
Calvalier
|
from Southwestern England; status conscious and hierarchical in organization
|
|
Protestant Christians
|
rejected the authority of the Pope
|
|
Scots-Irish
|
highly independent, distrustful of governments and authority
|
|
Puritans
|
from Anglia; seeking religious freedom and were very egalitarian and group oriented
|
|
Clans
|
group of relatives; people who are kin to one another
|
|
Libertarian ideas
|
evaluates the individual above group needs or issues
|
|
repression
|
refers to the status of commoners in the hierarchical states of Europe who were ruled by an aristocracy
|
|
Egalitarian
|
all people are created equal
|
|
Nobleness oblige
|
people with inherited status had a moral responsibility toward the lower status and less fourtunate
|
|
Quakers
|
North England; emphasizes egalitarian relationships and group harmony
|
Study Guide: Final Exam