120 Cards in this Set
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What pairs positive symbols with positive social values?
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Rituals
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What is an example of a ritual and a symbol (positive / negative)?
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Ex: God / Heaven vs. Devil / Hell
God / Heaven= light, harps, angels
Devil / Hell = darkness, fire, demons
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Rituals manipulate symbols & hit you at an___ to make you feel a certain way about institutions.
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emotional level
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Roles are defined in ______ .
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Rituals
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Rituals define a certain role to people or an object. What is an example?
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Ex: Cross
Cross in ritual (church) or not in ritual (out of church) you treat it like it’s sacred and not just like another piece of wood.
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Behaviors and feelings that come from a ritual are ______ to society.
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universal
Rituals are always implying a community of believers. The behaviors and feelings are uniformed within a society. Everybody is going to feel more or less the same way towards people/objects/roles in environment
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Once you understand the role of society...
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We will understand how people view the world
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Society recharges the emotional commitment people have towards socialfacts & roles by...
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going through rituals
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How is sex viewed in society?
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Sex is animalistic, dirty, loss of our humanity- in this society
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Malinowski Functionalism:
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all social institutions try to help individual with everyday food and structure.
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The Indian people have taboo of eating...
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cows
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Are the cows wild?
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the cows are not wild, they are owned by people
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What people own the cows?
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The people that own cattle are the poorest of the poor. They don’t have a real way of feeding cattle. They’re using city streets to feed cows.
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What do the Indian people use cow manure?
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Indian people collect cow poop, mix it, make it into a cake and slap it on the walls. They use it to cook with because it burns slowly
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Indian people use what as tractors?
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The majority of farmers in India use bulls as traction animals. Bulls are the main way that people plow their fields
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Middle Eastern people dont eat...
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Pigs
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What documents say that the people aren't allowed to eat pigs?
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In the Old Testament and the Quran eating pigs isn’t allowed.
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Is there enough room for pigs in the Middle East?
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In the Middle East there isn’t enough room for the regular population so no room for pigs.
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What do pigs eat?
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Pigs eat what humans eat, vegetable matter.
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R Rappaport
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famous prof. from U of M, studied group of people in New Guinea, combining both functionalisms
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Do the various islands in New Guinea get along?
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Cultures in New Guinea are small and isolated and hate one another. So there’s a constant war
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The Tussenbega are a small group that believes that their land belongs to...
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their ancestors
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How do the Tussenbega feel when they eat from the land?
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They are stealing from the ancestors
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What is Revenge Killing?
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anyone who is killed by enemy in your community you want to kill someone from their community
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If you don’t avenge the death of the member in your community...
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that spirit will be angry
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What type of ancestors have to be repaid in the New Guinea society?
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Both old and recently dead
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If you dont repay the dead they will bring in...
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disease, famine, etc
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What is the main commodity in New Guinea?
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Pigs
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Pigs are considered what in the New Guinea society?
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Pets
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Who raises the pigs in the society of New Guinea?
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Women
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Slash and Burn / Swidden Agriculture:
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Common technique in tropical rainforests, etc. non irrigation farming. You take a plot of land, dense vegetation, cut down all vegetation and leave it to dry. Then you burn it.
They do this process that creates a layer of ash that creates a fertilizer, after 1-2 years all the nutrient…
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Why do societies like the New Guinea socitey use the Slah and Burn / Swidden Agriculture?
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Areas like this are low in nutrients, and by doing this process creates nutrient rich soil.
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As this cycle keeps happening it becomes...
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impractical for the village to stay in one places, eventually move out. Neighbors are also doing these patterns so everyone is running into each other.
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Pigs are full grown, & they need more food not likely to have enough to feed. What happens?
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These pigs are hard to control because are starving and scrounging for food, and they run away to find it
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If your pig runs from you and goes to your neighbor what happens?
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since it’s in your village some kind of deal is worked out.
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If you pig eats from enemies’ garden in New Guinea what happens?
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there is no way conflict can be resolved, and the enemy tries to kill you.
If this happens, then it’s likely that one of you will die trying to kill each other or your village will end their period of truce and go to war with neighbors.
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Men in the village of New Guinea live for...
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WAR!
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Describe the war outfits in the New Guinea and surrounding areas..
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Spectacular costumes with face paint and feathers everywhere.
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What is the whole point of war in New Guinea?
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Whole point of warfare is avenged slayed member of community.
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Is war in New Guinea an extravagent event or subtle?
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On the other hand warfare is low key.
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What happens in the New Guinea's war?
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All groups line themselves up and all men are decked out w/ huge long spears. They’re taunting each other, and then throw spears at one another.
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If the weather conditions are bad during a New Guinea war what happens?
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If it rains and makeup comes off or injuries, they’ll all go home.
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Once war is over what do the people of New Guinea do?
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But, once the war is over, both sides go home and thank ancestors for looking after them during battle, and all of the food the ancestors have given them through the years.
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Describe Kaiko.
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Ritual, 1 year long, they slaughter their entire heard of pigs and offer it to the ancestors for thank, only adult pigs.
They eat pork for months, and include their allies in the celebration.
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After the ritual of Kaiko is over the New Guinea people do what?
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They say truce.
Plant tree as symbol that says we are no longer an enemy.
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The New Guinea people are called the?
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Tussenbega
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The Tussenbega people are from
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New Guinea
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Describe what happens after Tussenbega people say truce with the other village after war
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At this point, since adult pigs are gone, Tussenbega no longer have a shortage of food.
The cycle starts all over again.
On the other hand, by the time the cycle has played itself out a minimum of 15 years or more has gone by. This has given the land enough time for all of its vegetatio…
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What Rappaport is arguing is that this entire ritual cycle =
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ritual clock
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Rappaport says this only works if Tussen. follows roles that ____ assigns to them, & ____
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ritual clock
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Rappaport says this only works if Tussen. follows roles that ____ assigns to them, & ____
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religion
then they have created an ecological system that can sustain itself.
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Religion is being used not only to maintain ____, and is connected to ____ system.
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social solidarity
economic
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Bhali was colonized by the...
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Dutch
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Dutch go to Bhali to do what?
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they wanted to improve efficiency of irrigation system
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Dutch assumed that the type of political system in Bhali should work the same way as _____.
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European society worked
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Bhali is what type of island?
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volcanic island
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Terrace Rice Farming
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carve up mountain into terraces, and each of the terraces = farm plot
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Patty rice farming involves a lot of what?
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water
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Does the farming on the Bhali island involve a lot of hard work?
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yes
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Dutch assumed that massive public works had to be done by ________.
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the king
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When the Dutch came to Bhali, they assumed kings were in charge _____ and ignored temple system.
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charge of farming
ignored temple system
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Religion was beliefs, economics were controlled _______.
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by government
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Point of taxes in Europe = ______
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Social Contract
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Social Contract
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Social Contract: Idea that we are in a contract w. government and we have to give up some rights in exchange for services / fundamental rights.
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Dutch thought when the King got taxes the money was used to ______.
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maintain irrigation system
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Dutch respected Bhali people b/c of ____, & thought previous kings must be ______.
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irrigation system
enlightened leaders
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Dutch thought that they could replace Bhali’s king w/ a ______ king.
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Dutch
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After they killed the royal families of Bhali, the Dutch took their children where?
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sent them to Europe to get education
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After the Dutch took Bhali children to Europe then what happened?
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brought them back to be enlightened leaders of Bhali
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Dutch were guilty of what?
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ethocentrism
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In order to run a modern government you needed to have what?
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a lot of money
hard currency (currency that had reliable valuable = dollar)
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Gov. of Indonesia did a lot in Bhali in order to sell rice on international market. Like what?
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Turned to outside experts = “Green Revolution”.
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What was the Green Revolution?
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Idea from America and Europe, convert 3rd world farmers and get them to use modern farming techniques we could greatly increase the amount of food that 3rd world countries could produce.
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Who was the Green Revolution adopted by?
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Adopted by the government in Indonesia.
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Subsistence Farmers:
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People farm to feed themselves
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Cash Crop:
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Farming to sell crops on international market
Farm to make a profit
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What did the government of Indonesia want Bhali to do?
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Gov. of Indonesia wanted Bhali to adopt new techniques of farming, and start cash cropping.
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Like the Dutch, the experts thought of farming like a...
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technical process, and ignored the religious part of farming.
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Experts of the Green Revolution encouraged farmers to plant hybrid rice, but this caused...
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but these were delicious to the pests in Bhali
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Experts encouraged Bhali farmers to plant and ignore the temple system, what happened?
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But now they’re planting all the time and result were disastrous.
Instead of making money, they were making less money.
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_______showed that Bhali's old / traditional ways of farming was better.
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Lansing
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Hydraulic Solidarity:
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Logic of irrigation / production is so closely linked to social organization that they forma unified system that holds society together.
(irrigation system in Bhali is at the heart of what is holding society together. B/c the irrigation isn’t just about economy it has social implication)…
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What system in Bhali is at the heart of what is holding their socitey together?
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IRRIGATION SYSTEM
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Did Bhali have kings? If so, what were they in charge of?
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Bhali had kings, but the kings didn’t control irrigation system / or were responsible for creating systems for farming.
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Sociogenic System:
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LANSING'S MAIN CONCEPT:
Ritual and religion creates and defines social relationships in the context of productive activities.
EAch temple represents a spcial / economic unit
Temples create and maintain hydralic solidarity
Everyone in Bhali feels connected to everyone else
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The irrigation system controlled what?
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the fertility of land
maintained water supplies
minimized pest population
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Patty Rice System of Farming:
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start off with stagnant body of water
space out and plant rice
drain water
grow on soil
don’t continually water a field
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Long periods of time w/ large amounts of water, promotes _____ let rice stocks _____
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algae growth (fertilizer)
decompose in fields (fertilizer)
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What does algae and decompose in a field serve as in the irrigation system of Bhali?
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fertilizers
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What determines when and when not to plant?
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Temple
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The Temple does what to prevent overpopulating pest populations?
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Only lets certain areas plant so the pest population is present but not overwhelming.
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When Bhali people have large fields of water, then encourage _____to come to field.
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ducks
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What are the ducks purpose in the Bhali irrigation process?
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eat pests
pooping in water (fertilizer)
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Every social unit in Bhali is going to have its own ______.
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temple
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Inidan households have ____ in kitchen marking household as social unit.
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shrine
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Every kingdom has its own ______sacred to it.
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temple
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Because gods are interconnected they _____.
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connect communities
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Each member of the temple congregation is responsible for what?
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maintaining that section of the irrigation system.
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What is the form of taxation in Bhali?
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the labor of maintaining the irrigation system that they are assigned to (congregation that they’re in)
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What are the ranking of the Temples in Bhali?
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Higher upstream temples are higher ranked, and the lower downstream temples are more local and used more so they are not as important
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Each temple is responsible for keeping time and has its own ______.
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calendar
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You can tell that the temples are different because the higher ranked temples have...
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more rooves
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You can tell a temple in Bhali is important by...
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# of roves
god that is worshipped
track of time
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Agama Tirtha:
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Holy water religion
Bhali's religion
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What is the purpose of water in Bhali?
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Water is source of agriculture, agriculture is crucial to life, water is important.
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up stream water is associated with what?
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goddess the crated lake
fertility
growth
life
stability
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downstream water is associated with what?
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cleansing
takes away pollution of death and decay
leads to rebirth of life
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Since Bhali is a hindu island, death=___________
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reincarnation
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Upstream water is _____ than downstream water.
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holier
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The final, most upstream temple, the crater lake, represents what?
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all of bhali
entire world
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Dialectical Thinker:
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To be found on every level of Marx’s model, A causes B and B causes A.
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What's an example of a Dialectical Thinker?
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Example: Friends / Family / Spouse - cause them to change taste in music, etc. and at the same time their influence on you causes you to change into who you are.
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Humans are in a dialectical relationship w/ ____.
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nature.
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Humans w/ social environment\ (dialetical thinker)
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· Person is created by the society that they grow up in, but has the potential to change society.
· Before talking to African Americans, Asians, etc was wrong but now racial relationships are more common and accepted.
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Social environment w/ natural world
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· Societies are dependent on nature for basic needs, therefore shaped by nature. But at same time able to transform world around them and can change nature.
· Nature determines the type of society possible, but with technology society changes the type of world to get what…
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Labor:
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Process that the individual interacts with world to make a living. (Human and society)
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Mode of Production:
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The way that society interacts dialectically with the natural world around it. (Society and Natural World)
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What are examples of society and the natural world?
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· Economic system ->social organization ->ideology
· If you’re a hunt/gather society you don’t need a system of stratification (social organization)
· Social organization requires an ideology (people that are better, smarter, work more [U.S.] born into the family…
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Means of production:
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Material technology, tools, skills, necessary to maintain a particular mode of production.
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What are the examples of means of production?
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· Relationship between society and nature, determined by economic base of society
· Impossible for society to have means of production that it doesn’t need
· U.S.’s means of production = fossil fuels, all of the things we use to maintain socitey
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Study Guide: Final Exam