Study Guide: Final Exam
102 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
If one views an organization as a system, then the outputs or outcomes of that system would be...
|
The results produced
|
|
When a practice or activity becomes standardized and long lasting, beyond any one individuals life span, we say that the practice has become...
|
institutionalized
|
|
In the university system there are certain inputs such as high school graduates and tuition money. What would be an example of an output or outcome of that system?
|
graduated seniors
|
|
If one views an organization as a system, then one focuses on...
|
the parts and their inter-connections
|
|
The effect of corporate organization is that the individuals involved in the company cannot have their personal property taken away to pay for the company's debts. This idea is called...
|
limited liability
|
|
A corporate form of organization refers to...
|
the ownership of the organization
|
|
True or false: Ideas such as club culture or academy culture refer to different kinds of internal organizational structure within a company.
|
TRUE
|
|
The systems view an organization involves planning backwards. What does that mean? It means thinking FIRST about the...
|
desired outcome
|
|
NGO means...
|
Non governmental organization
|
|
Hygiene in the sense of mental hygiene or company hygiene is a rather old fashioned term that carries the connotation of the _____ requirements to keep things going.
|
minimum
|
|
When americans get excited about what a president is able to accomplish in the first 100 days of a new administration, they are referring to the expected changes in the _____ of washington dc
|
Organizational Climate
|
|
Herzberg found that organizations or companies who had the most motivated and dedicated employees were those where employees had the most ______
|
recognition and responsibility
|
|
One business consultant distinguishes between corporate culture and _____
|
climate
|
|
An informed etic perspective is that of a/an ________
|
well informed outsider who knows what social categories are important in that culture
|
|
Hygiene is a word for cleanliness or being clean. More generally, however, it means what a person needs to do to maintain ______
|
health
|
|
_______ is directly related to the leadership and management style of the boss of an organization.
|
Organizational climate
|
|
Herzberg's hygiene refers to the basic work conditions that people need. The basic work conditions include
|
salary and benefits
|
|
The economic man theory of behavior assumes that people will act according to...
|
their own economic self interest
|
|
A functional or rationalist perspective on an organization focuses on...
|
the way things should be operating
|
|
In Beyond Dilbert, the author argues that an organization's workforce may be diverse and multicultural, typically the influential management culture is...
|
less diverse
|
|
Communities of people who work together regularly to solve problems and share information as a group are called communities of _____
|
profession
|
|
General Motors (GM) was built around the idea of...
|
internal competition between divisions
|
|
The ability to shift cultural perspectives and use different languages and sets of symbols to communicate with different groups of people is called ____
|
code-switching
|
|
The Hawthorne effect refers to changes in people's behavior that appear when...
|
They know that they are being studied
|
|
Taylor's model of workplace efficiency was based on the needs and points of view of...
|
management
|
|
In a society that focuses on the individual, we'd expect that social ranking based on ascribed status would be......
|
weak, not very important
|
|
A role in society that you have because of your birth--it cannot be changed-- is called _____ status
|
ascribed
|
|
The strata in stratified society refer to layers or groups. The groups are of higher and lower status. This kind of society is _______
|
hierarchical
|
|
In a society with social ranking, the different social groups are unequal in status and can be ranked in a ladder. In such society, a persons rank is usually based on their birth. That is, rank is...
|
ascribed
|
|
True or false: A stratified society is a ranked society in which at least one level in the hierarchy is itself ranked. In a stratified society, for example, the elites may have their own ranking system.
|
TRUE
|
|
In one society, people make friends easily, and move between groups easily. Friendships are informal and aren't expected to last for a lifetime. This kind of society focuses on....
|
the individual
|
|
A society with casts is a...
|
hierarchical organization
|
|
A society has different groups that are unequal in status. Some groups are higher in status than others. We say that this society is...
|
ranked
|
|
Adaptive expertise is the ability for individuals and groups to _______ to cope with new experiences
|
make appropriate generalizations
|
|
Being able to apply information obtained by reading (such as instruction manual) to solving a problem is called...
|
functional literacy
|
|
According to Rogoff, when people seek information about how to interpret ambiguous situations from the expressions of other people is called...
|
Social referencing
|
|
Rogoff reports that a toddler making a tortilla out of play-doh and holding it up to his mouth to non-verbally ask his mother if it was edible. This situation is an example of...
|
Social referencing
|
|
In many societies, including colonial-period America, children were working and making real economic contributions to the household at an early age. This change in sat us from child to responsible adult worker occurs about age...
|
6/7/2014
|
|
In modern USA, our culture recognizes start of the serious business of learning greater autonomy and independence and preparing for adult life with the concept of _____. At this time adults give practical training and children are expecting to know the basic social manners and cultural tr…
|
starting school
|
|
A child learned how to while and bed and be obnoxious to get her way. She probably learned that this works from her experience. This experience is part of...
|
indirect instruction
|
|
Adaptive problems are those that re-occur and that affect an individual's...
|
ability to reproduce
|
|
Natural selection is a process that comes into play...
|
only concerning adaptive problems
|
|
The environment of Evolutionary Adaption refers to a time...
|
in the past
|
|
Humans approach problems with modern brains that were really developed to address...
|
past adaptive problems
|
|
An indentured servant was different from a slave in the in that indentured servants...
|
had an ending date for their service
|
|
What is liberal about liberal education?
|
Liberal here means liberated--as in free from tyranny
|
|
Why is critical thinking considered to be important in a democratic society?
|
because citizens need to be able to understand complex social issues, evaluate knowledge claims, and choose among several course of actions
|
|
General educations at MSU is the set of courses that you take...
|
in the interdisciplinary studies in social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences
|
|
True or False: An authoritarian government is one in which power is located in a single individual or small group of people
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: Emperical testing refers to testing by using our senses and our brains
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: The world of the imagination is part of emperical reality
|
FALSE
|
|
True or False: When scholars can debate about the basic assumptions and definitions involved in their field of study, that is a multi-system field of study
|
TRUE
|
|
True or Flase: The president should present a jobs program. Here the word should represents a PROSCRIPTION.
|
TRUE
|
|
True or false: Participant-observation is a method of investigating people's behavior.
|
TRUE
|
|
In physics, the most basic assumption concerns under normal conditions of heat and pressure.
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: Phenomenological models in the social sciences concern investigating what people feel about events or issues.
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: Diffusion is the spread of ideas by people learning rom one another
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: Tobacco was domesticating in the Americas. Native Americans developed the custom of smoking tobacco. The spread of the tobacco plant and also the ideas involved in smoking tobacco, is an example of the process of diffusion
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: Emergent properties of a system develop as the whole system works together
|
TRUE
|
|
The earth exists so that people can live on it. This is a teleological explanation
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: A simple model and an complex model differ because a complex model has more variables and more possible relationships
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: If you wanted to evaluate the number of MSU students who own a MSU sweatshirt, you'd need a proxy measure for this variable
|
FALSE
|
|
True or False: The male to female ratio in ISS 210 class represents an index value
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: Developing a model involves thinking about your observations as part of some sort of process
|
TRUE
|
|
Casual-functional questions address how-- as in how something works or how something fits together
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: Transaction models involve balancing costs and benefits
|
TRUE
|
|
The modern emphasis on metrics and measurement (assessment, standards, testing) owes a great deal to...
|
Ideas of rational bureaucracy
|
|
Rootlessness, the feeling of a breakdown in social norms and expectations, and feelings of hopelessness are part of...
|
Anomie
|
|
This person articulated why we have government. What is government supposed to DO? What is the Function of government?
|
Smith
|
|
American Culture emphasizes individual self-sufficiency and independence. Protestant christians would emphasize being able to read and write so that each person can read the bible for themselves. In addition protestant christians rejected the authority of...
|
The catholic church and the pope
|
|
American culture emphasizes independence and self reliance. This concept stems partly from the experience of...
|
life on single family farms on the frontier
|
|
Early American colonists found themselves united as English speaking people in a strange land. In contrast, the natives were...
|
Native Americans
|
|
True or False: Many beginning college students focus on memorizing facts. This is called relativistic thinking.
|
FALSE
|
|
Ideas of the id, ego and superego, of the Oedipus complex, and the concepts of repression are found in the study of...
|
psychology
|
|
True or False: The vast majority of Michigan's Indians live on Indian reservations.
|
FALSE
|
|
True or False: Land grant university is intended to educate people who come from rich families, as opposed to the common people
|
FALSE
|
|
The renaissance German University was a model for the modern research university that focuses on producing new knowledge and new ideas.
|
TRUE
|
|
The concept of general education and also an academic major come from the curriculum of the medieval english university
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: The general American world view emphasizes humans control over nature.
|
TRUE
|
|
In cultures that emphasize the _____, it is likely that young men and woman will not be expected to have an arranged marriage.
|
Individual
|
|
The puritans and quakers who came from England to escape religious oppression had a world view that emphasized...
|
the group
|
|
When you are wondering if a statement is a generalization or a stereotype, think about the issue of _____. Who has it and who does not?
|
power
|
|
True or False: In your hometown, kids call their adult neighbors by titles and last names, such as Mrs. Kowalski and Mr Gunderson. This town recognized hierarchy between adults and children
|
TRUE
|
|
Models can be visual, mathematical, physical, or verbal. In a model, the researcher has to specify...
|
the variables and their relationships
|
|
People in urban areas where there is high population density sometimes have to give up some liberties to accommodate living so closely together. We do usually find that people in urban areas are more...
|
Group oriented
|
|
True or False: The American experience and world view come from an immigrant's experience of leaving a homeland behind, and often escaping to what one hopes is a new and better life.
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: The Ottawa, Ojibwa, and other American Indians lived in North and South america for thousands of years beg roe the Europeans came.
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: Stereotypes can be good or bad
|
TRUE
|
|
Americans typically like to get straight to the point, they don't want to wast time in chatting in a busies setting.. This practice reflects a world view that emphasizes being indirect and diving face.
|
FALSE
|
|
True or False: Cultural intelligence involves being able to change from one behavior set to another, depending on the context
|
TRUE
|
|
In american culture, authoritarian parenting emphasizes...
|
the children's obedience to the parent
|
|
Tests and grades that evaluate how well a student performs in comparison to an outside standard of performance result in greater _____ between students
|
cooperation
|
|
_______ involves orienting ones self and ones own actions to the group
|
Interdependence
|
|
Formal operational thinking involves imagining _____ situations and also if then statements.
|
Hypothetical
|
|
Rogoff's central idea about learning can be expressed by which of the following quotes.
|
Learning is a process of changing participation in community activities
|
|
In the USA, many European-American parents try to make sure that their adult children meet suitable husbands and wives through their church, choice of school, or special events such as dances or parties. In other societies, parents are indirectly involved in _____ for their adult children
|
arranding marriage
|
|
In societies where men and woman share more equally in the household economy, there is less physical aggression expressed by...
|
both men and women
|
|
In a matrilineal society, a man's children belong to their mother's kinship group. In such case, a man will be particularly concerned with discipline and behavior of _____ because they will be in his own lineage.
|
his sitter's children
|
|
Various researchers have argued that a stormy adolescence is associated with...
|
segregations of teenagers from productive roles in society
|
|
In countries where child mortality rates are ____, parents typically choose to have more children
|
very high
|
|
In colonial America of the 1700's, divorce was not very common partly because...
|
most people died fairly young
|
|
Parents making a large investment in a small number of children is called a _______ reproductive strategy. This is commonly found in societies that have low infant morality rates.
|
k-selection
|
Study Guide: Final Exam