ISB 202: FINAL EXAM
119 Cards in this Set
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What is Full Cost Pricing?
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2 types of Full Cost Pricing:
Internal Costs (direct): those factors which drive the market price
External Costs (Indirect): Harmful effects passed on to the environment
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Describe Energy Flow through a Typical Food Chain
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Solar Energy --> 1st Trophic Level - Producers (Plants) --> 2nd Trophic Level - Primary Consumers (Herbivores) --> 3rd Trophic Level - Secondary Consumers (Carnivores) --> 4th Trophic Level - Tertiary Consumers (Top Carnivores)
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be converted from one form to another
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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No energy conversion is 100% efficient. In any conversion there is a net loss of energy
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What is the Pyramid of Biomass
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Is another way to show Trophic Levels. Shows that the largest populations are the lowest in the food chain (producers) and the smallest populations are at the top (tertiary consumers)
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What are the Biogeochemical Cycles?
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The Biological, Geological, and Chemical Cycles that are part of the Earth's Process
These Cycles are:
Hydrologic Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Oxygen Cycle (Mugg wasn't too interested in this one)
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Hydrologic Cycle
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Describes the continuos movement above and below the surface of Earth.The sun drives the water cycle (through solar energy)
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Path and Process by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms. Nitrogen re-enters the environment by:
1.) Death of organisms 2.) Excrement and urinary wastes 3.) when denitrifying bacteria breakdown nitrates into Nitrogen Gas and Nitrous Oxide Gases
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Step of the Hydrologic Cycle
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Steps:
1.) Evaporation and Transpiration
2.) Movement of Moisture through air
3.) Percipitation
4.) Runoff
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Steps of the Nitrogen Cycle
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Steps:
1.) Nitrogen is in the atmosphere
2.) Inorganic Nitrogen Fixation, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Ammonification
3.) Nitrification (this step is only for Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Ammonification)
4.) Turned into Nitrates
5.) Denitrification or Assimilation
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Phosphorus Cycle
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It is the Biogeochemical Cycle. Phosphorus compounds are leached from rocks and minerals usually transported in aqueous form. They are then
1.) Taken in and incorporated by producers
2.) Passed onto consumers
3.) Returned to the environment by decomposition
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Carbon Cycle
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Begins with the intake of Carbon Dioxide during photosynthesis and ends with release of carbon through respiration.
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Carbon Sink
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A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period.
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Carbon Sources
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the parts of the carbon cycle that releases carbon dioxide
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Describe the Events that lead Darwin to explaining Evolution through the terms of Natural Selction
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1831: Voyage on the HMS Beagle
1837: Wrote "One species does change into another" into his notebook
1838: read Thomas Malthus's Essay on Principle of Population
1844: Wrote his own essay on evolution
1858: Alfred Russell Wallace outlined his theories
1859: "On Origin of the Species" …
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Define Process of Evolution
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Change over time. It is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
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What is meant by the quote "Nothing in Biology makes sense except in the light of evolution"?
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It is criticizing anti-evolution and supporting evolution. More importantly it says that evolution is a scientific theory
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Fitness
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An organisms lifetime reproduction. Individuals with high fitness are selected -- and their genes are represented in the next generation
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Artificial Selection (Selective Breeding)
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Process by which humans breed other animals and plants for particular traits
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Adaptation
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Any trait that increases fitness. Traits that are evolved to increase natural selection.
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Survival of the Fittest
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Another way to describe natural selection. Does not necessarily mean survival of the strongest.
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Reproductive Isolation
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Behaviors that prevent members of two different species that cross or mate from producing
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How does a new species arise?
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Animals reproducing with small variations
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Natural Selection
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How many mass extinction have we had?
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5
Mugg thinks a 6th is coming
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What are Two Major Theories explaining how evolution has occurred?
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Gradualism: There is a slow gradual change in how an animal evolves
Punctuate Equilibrium: shows little changes over time for an animal to evolve
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What are some of the major misconceptions about Evolution?
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-Evolution has never been observed
-Anti-biotics have resistance
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Selection Pressure
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Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population, which potentially exerts evolutionary pressure or selection pressure
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Sexual Selection
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Is a mode of natural selection in which some individuals out-reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates.
It is Mate choice
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Natural Selection
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Mechanism of evolution in which individuals with inherited characteristics well suited to the environment leave more offspring than do individuals that are less suited to the environment.
The gradual process in which biological traits become either more or less
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Gene Pool
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The complete set of all of the genes in the individuals of a given population of species
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How do mutations continue to be passed on?
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DNA sequence changes
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Describe the evidence that is used to support evolution
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Fossils, Geological Formations, isotopes, Carbon Dating
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What are some of the reasons given as to why it is important to study evolution?
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So we can see the change over time of how organisms have adapted
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Convergent Evolution
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Describes the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages. Creates structures that have similar form or function
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Habitat
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Where an organism lives -- address
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Niche
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An animals role in the community - what it eats, and what eats it. (Occupation)
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What are ways in which species interact?
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Predator/Prey relationships, Symbiosis, Competition
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Coevolution
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When predator and prey evolve together in response to one another.
Populations grow together, energy gain, etc.
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Batesian Mimicry
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Harmless species mimic the warning coloration of harmful species to gain protection
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Mullerian Mimicry
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Two harmful species evolve to look alike
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What are some defense mechanisms predator and prey have evolved to increase fitness?
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Defense mechanisms (needles on a porcupine), Coloration -- cryptic (camo), warning coloation, and evolving toxicity
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What are the types of Symbiosis
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Mutualism: both benefit from each other
Commensalism: one species benefits while the other does not benefit nor is harmed
Parasitism: a form of predation, one species benefits at the expense of the other
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Interspecific Competition
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Competition between the same organism/species
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Intraspecific Competition
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Competition between other/different organisms/species
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Genetic Drift
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random change in allele frequencies in a small breeding population
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Gene Flow
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Movement of alleles between local populations due to migration and subsequent interbreeding
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Sepciation
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The process of species by which species form
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Climate
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Describes the variation fo weather at a given place for a specified interval
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Weather
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Day-to-day state of the atmosphere in a region and it's short term variation
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Top 2 factors that drive/influence climate
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Moisture and Temperature
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Main factors (other than moisture and temperature) that drive/influence climate
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Greenhouse Effect, Albedo Effect, Latitude, Wind Currents, Ocean Currents
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Greenhouse Effect
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Natural process that relies upon the atmosphere. Process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases and is re-radiated in all directions
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Positive Feedback Loop
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Process in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the overall loop
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Negative Feedback Loop
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Dampens flow
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Population Dispersal
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The movement of organisms from one area to another. From birth site to breeding site, etc.
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Immigration
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Incoming flow
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Emmigration
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Outgoing flow
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Migration
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Movement back and forth
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What are the different territory markers?
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Smell, Visual, Auditory
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Dominance Hierarchy
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Pecking order. Arises when members of a social group interact often aggressively
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What are the benefits of territoriality?
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Reduces energy expenditure due to antagonistic fighting, spreads out population relative to resources, allows efficient use of resources, reduces spread of contagious disease
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Biotic Potenital
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The rate at which a population would grow under ideal conditions--there are always limits
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Environmental Resistance
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Factors limiting growth of a population
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What is the difference between and J and S curve
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J curve represents exponential growth while an S curve represents logistic growth
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Secondary Succession
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Process started by an event that reduces an already established ecosystem
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Carrying Capacity
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The maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely with food, water, shelter, etc.
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Density Independent
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Factors that have the same population regardless of population size
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Density Dependent
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Factors have a varying affect on populations based on population size
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Adernal Stress Syndrome
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When an environment is taken away and environmental resistance occurs and organisms experience many problems
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What is the current World Population?
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7.2 Billion (Spring 2014)
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Crude Birth Rate
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Number of births per 1,000
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Total Fertility Rate
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The average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime
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Zero Population Growth
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A condition of demographic balance where the population is neither growing or declining
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Life Expectancy
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Refers to the number of years left in one's life
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Life Span
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Refers to the average total duration of a lifetime within specific groups
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Malthusian Catastrophe
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Malthusian Catastrophe
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Cultural Carrying Capactiy
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the population humans will tolerate
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What are the primary sources of population growth in the last 300 years?
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Economic growth, wanting of family, antibiotics
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What does a Demographic Transition Chart Explain?
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Transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as a country develops
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What is the wealth distribution on the planet?
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25% of the population control 80% of the world's wealth while 75% of the population controls 20% of the world's wealth
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What are demographic implication of the increased life expectancy?
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Developing countries --> above carrying capacity and in debt
Developed Nations --> controls wealth, smaller protection of population
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What is the difference between the age profile diagrams of MEDC's and LEDC's?
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MEDC's are healthier and living longer
LEDC's are growing but not living longer
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Population Momentum
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Represent the natural growth of a population
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What factors affect human fertility?
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Education, Contraception, and Religion
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Morbidity
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Not being healthy/quality of death
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Health
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The state of being free of illness and injury
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Chronic Effects
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Repeated exposure over time
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Acute Effects
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Sudden/severe exposure - rapid absorbtion of a substance
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Antigens
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Any substance which provokes and adaptive immune response
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Mutagens
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Physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material
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Teratagens
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Abnormalities of Physiological development
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Carcinogens
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Substance with radiation
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What are dose response curves?
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Describes the effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure
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Bioaccumulation
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Increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment to first organism in food chain
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Biomagnification
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Increase in concentration of a pollutant from one link in a food chain to another
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What was the Green Revolution
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Created by Norman Borlaug and helped increase agriculture in every way you could think of
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Undernourishment
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Someone isn't getting enough of any type of food
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Malnourishment
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Someone is eating bad foods and not getting enough
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How many plants and animals are responsible for the majority of our food?
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150
Wheat, rice, and corn provide 60% of our calories
Others that we use are Potatoes, Oats/Rye, and Roots/Cassava
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CAFO's
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Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
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IPM
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Integrated Pest Management
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Biological Pests
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Organisms that reduce the availability, quality, or value of resources useful to humans
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What are pesticides?
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Chemicals that kill pests
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Pesticide Treadmill
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As pests become more resistant we must add more pesticides or develop new pesticides
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What are issues with Broadcast Spraying?
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It is likely to kill beneficial predators
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Persistent Organic Pollutants
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Organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes
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Biodiversity
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Degree of variation of life
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Genetic Biodiversity
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Measures variety of different versions of same genes within a species
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Species Biodiversity
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Different kinds of organisms within a community
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Ecological Biodiversity
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Measures richness and complexity of a community
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How do we measure biodiversity?
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Species Richness/evenss
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What does H.I.P.P.O. stand for?
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Habitat Loss
Invasive Species
Pollution
Population Growth
Overconsumption
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What is a biodiversity hotspot?
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Biodivercial spot that is threatened by humans
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What is a good ozone?
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An ozone that is high up above the atmosphere
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What is a bad ozone?
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Has pollutants, etc. It is under the stratosphere
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What is the main cause for ozone depletion?
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CFC's (foam, aerosol, coolants), Bromine
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Global Warming
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Influences that are leading to increased global temperatures
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What are the two main influences behind Global Warming
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Anthropogenic and Natural Influences
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What part of the planet shows the most effects of global warming?
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The Poles
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Study Guide: Final Exam