70 Cards in this Set
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How the Scientific Process gives you Fundamental Skills
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- How to Gather information
- How to Evaluate Sources of Info
- How to Interpret Info
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What is Science?
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- Create new info
- Build/ expand on prior knowledge
- constantly changing
- dissent and alternatives encouraged
- A process of discovery that allows us to link isolated facts into a greater understanding
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Sources of Uncertainty
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Ignorance
- We don't know enough
Complexity
- We don't understand how the parts work together
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What is the Scientific Method?
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-Techniques for investigating some observed phenomenon
- acquiring new knowledge
- or revision of previous knowledge
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Scientific Method
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-Observe
-Define the Question
-Gather Info. and Resources (observe)
-Form Hypothesis
-Formulate Predictions
-Perform Experiment - collect data
-Analyze Data
-Interpret Data and draw conclusions - Publish
Retest ( Frequently done)
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Peer-Reviewed
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Work has been read and evaluated by other members of the profession (and an editor) before being published
-typically published by professionals (professors, institutions, and commercial publishers) for professionals ( students, experts, etc)
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Hypothesis
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Explanation for an observed phenomenon
should demonstrate a causal relationship and/or a pattern you wish to know more about
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Prediction
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What you expect to find (often from deductive reasoning)
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Hypotheses
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-Must be testable (falsifiable)
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Casual Relationship
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Implies Mechanism
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Correlation
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Implies a relationship btw two events
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Independent Variables
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What you can control or vary, what you modify or manipulate
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Dependent Variable
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What you measure, responds to the changes you make
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DRY MIX
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DRY MIX
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Mean
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Average value of the sampled points
- Add the values and divide by the total number of points
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Median
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The midpoint of all sampled points
(sorted, take the one in the middle)
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Mode
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Most frequent occurrence among sampled points (the one that occurs most often within a dataset)
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Subjective Terms
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Comparing means can help to remove the ambiguity, but need to be interpreted with caution
eg.) more, less, bigger, smaller
- Difficult to evaluate
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What is Biology
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Study of living things
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What causes variation among living things?
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Genetics and environment
* Genes and the environment can interact with each other
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Biotic
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Living Components
- predators present
- food
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Abiotic
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Non-living components
- Sunlight
-Wind
- Temperature
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Fundamental Properties of Life
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-Growth and Reproduction
-Ability to Respond
- Ability to Evolve and Adapt (change over time)
- Metabolism
-Organized Structure
-Organic Composition
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Prokaryotes
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Bacteria
-small, single celled, DNA in single chromosome
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Eukaryotes
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-Plants
-Fungi
-Animals
-Protists
-Single or multicellular
-membrane- enclosed organelles
-DNA in multiple chromosomes
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Cytoplasm
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The cell substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus
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Plasma Membrane
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a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell
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Cell Wall
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a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants, it consists mainly of cellulose.
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Nucleoid (DNA)
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irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore
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Mitochondrion
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- Found in both plant and animal cells
-an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
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Chloroplast
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in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
- only in plant cells
CO2 + H20 = O2 + C6H12O6 (Carbohydrate)
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Chemosynthesis
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Creates sugars from inorganic chemicals, CO2 and O2
Used by bacteria in ecosystem with no light
- ocean depths
CO2 + O2 = C6H12O6 ( Carbs) + H20 + S (Sugar)
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Cellular Respiration
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Glucose broken down
- produces CO2 and H2O
- Releases energy thats required for organism growth and reproduction
- Happens in the Mitochondrion
O2 +C6H12O6 = C)2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)
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Anaerobic Respiration
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Cellular respiration without O2
- works without O2
-Yields less energy
- used to make beer
C6H12O6 = CO2 + H2O + Ethanol + Some ATP
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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- Smooth (no ribosomes)
Makes lipids, also helps protect the body from compounds and toxins that can harm us such as alcohol, antibiotics, etc)
- Rough (ribosomes attached)
- ribosomes = protein production
- fold and package proteins
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Golgi Apparatus
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Protein Processing and Delivery System
- Bud off of the golgi app. and delivers to the cytosol and used throughout the body
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Plant Cells
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- Chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
- Cell Wall (Structure/Protection)
-Vacuoles
- Nutrient storgage
- Waste Management
- Predator Deterrence (Toxin Storage)
- Reproduction (Pigment Storage)
- Support (Osmotic Balance
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How Do Cells Grow?
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Growth (add more cells)
- Get Bigger
Maintenance (add more cells)
- Replace damaged cells
- Tissue repair, liver regeneration
Simple Cell Division - Genetically Identical Offspring
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Asexual Reproduction
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Simple Cell Division
Genetically identical offspring
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Sexual Reproduction
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Requires 2 individuals
- gametes produced to form a Zygote
- Genetically diverse offspring
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Gamete
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a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
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Zygot
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a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is the heritable component
- Helix in shape, made of 2 stands, bound together by hydrogen bonds
Contains 4 base-pairs
- Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
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How Many Pairs of Chromosomes do Humans Have?
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23 pairs
Males XY
Females XX
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Interphase
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Replication of the DNA
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Prophase
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Chromosomes condense
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Metaphase
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Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate
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Anaphase
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Sister chromatid split and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
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Telophase ( and Cytokinesis)
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The Cell split into two cells: each containing an identical set of chromosomes
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Mitotic Division
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Creates two genetically identical (daughter) cells from one original (parent) cell
helps with injuries, and normal cell turnover ( tissue repair)
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Cancer
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Uncontrolled Cell Division - cells are dividing faster than they should be
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Benign
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Will NOT invade other tissues and will not metastasize
- may grow large so at times will need to be remove before the encroach on other organs (e.g brain, intestine)
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Malignant
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CAN INVADE other tissues and implies the ability to metastasize (move to other parts of the body)
- Typically faster growth
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Why is Curing Cancer Complex?
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- Many result from cel-cycle control problems
- Cells are dividing faster than they should and moving to other areas
- Mistakes are made in creation of cells due to rapid division
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Meiosis
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a type of cell division that results in FOUR daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
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Mitosis
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a type of cell division that results in TWO daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth
problems with it
- Cancer
- Cell cycle under TIGHT CONTROL
- NOT USED FOR HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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How Do We Keep Chromosome Numbers Constant?
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Meiosis
- Reduces the amount of genetic material in the cell by half
- contains ONE copy o each gene instead of TWO like you would see in the rest of the body
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How does Sex provide Various Offspring?
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Each child is created by a separate zygote
Therefore, they are genetically related but also genetically distinct from one another
- genetic material comes from 2 ind vs. just 1
- Ind. assortment in gamete production
- Recombination (swapping alleles btw homologous chromosome…
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Genotype
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What variants of a gene are in your cells
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Phenotype
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The physical, biochemical, and physiological makeup of an ind. as determined both genotypes and the environment
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Evolution
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Change in the properties of groups of organisms over the course of generations
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Requirements of Evolution
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Phenotype vs. Genotype
Environmental effects on phenotype
Heritable Components
Mutations
Natural Selection
Sexual Selection
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Darwin's 4 Postulates
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1. There is variation in the population
2. The variation has an underlying genetic component
3. There is competition (not all ind. will survive and reproduce equally)
4. Ind. with alleles for a certain trait will be better (and/or worse) than other individuals in the pop. and this with…
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Selection
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Directional - one trait is favor over another
Overdominance - heterozygote has a higher fitness
Underdomiance - Heterozygote has lower fitness
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Directional Selection
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Removes one particular extreme phenotype
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Adaptations
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Inherited structure, functions, behaviors
- Give survival and reproductive advantages
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Natural Selection
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Most fit leave more offspring - their adaption becomes more common
Less fit have fewer offspring, their adaption becomes less common
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Stabilizing Selection
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Removes extreme phenotypes
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Disruptive Selection
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Removes medium-sized phenotypes
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Heterozygote
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Ind. with 2 different alleles for a given gene
Occurs when
- mating with ind. less similar to you
-Diseases and Major histocompatability complex (MHC)
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Study Guide: Final Exam