91 Cards in this Set
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Within-subjects
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The same people in each group
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Between-subjects
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Different people in each group
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Psychology
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The scientific study of the behavior of the individuals and their mental processes.
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Dewy
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Focused on reflexes
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Rogers
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Emphasized that individuals have a natural tendency toward psychological growth and health
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Kant
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Articulated innate ability on knowing things
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Locke
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Articulated that people must learn from their mistakes
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Titchener
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Founded a lab at Cornell University
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James
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"The Principles of Psychology"
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Wundt
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Founded the first formal laboratory devoted to experimental psychology. "Principles of Psychological Psychology"
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Freud
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Most fully developed psychodynamic principles. Believed that his observations applied to both normal and abnormal people.
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Watson
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Argued that psychological research should seek the laws that govern observable behavior across species.
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Structuralism
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The study of the basic structural components of mind and behavior. Understanding experience by studying the components of that experience.
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Functionalism
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The "why" of mental content. Understanding experience by considering the purpose of that experience.
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Biological perspective
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All behavior can be explained by underlying physical structures and biological processes.
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Behavioral perspective
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Behavior can be explained by environmental conditions and the consequences of behavior.
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Humanistic perspective
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Behavior can be explained by people's attempts to use their unique abilities to satisfy innate needs.
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Cognitive perspective
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Behavior can be explained by the way in which people think.
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Evolutionary perspective
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Behavior can be explained by natural selection.
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Socio-cultural perspective
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Behavior can be affected by cultural influences.
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Psychodynamic perspective
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Behavior is driven, or motivated, by powerful inner forces.
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Hypotheses
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A tentative and testable statement about the relationship between causes and consequences.
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Theory
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An organized set of concepts that explains a phenomenon or set of phenomena.
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Independent variable
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Experimental groupings
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Dependent variable
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The thing being measured
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Extraneous variable
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Other factors that vary within the study
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Confounding variable
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Extraneous variables that could account for the experimental result.
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Determinism
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The idea that all events- physical, mental, and behavioral- are the result of, or determined by, specific casual factors.
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Descriptive
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Researcher systematically records data for descriptive purposes only.
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Correlation
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Researcher systematically records data to see if there is a relationship between variables.
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Experiment
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Researcher attempts to show that a change in one variable causes a change in another variable.
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Representative samples
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A subset of a population that closely matches the overall characteristics of the population with respect to the distribution if males and females, racial and ethnics groups.
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Double-blind
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An experimental technique in which biased expectations of experiments are eliminated by keeping both participants and experimental assistants unaware of which participants have received which treatment.
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Placebo
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An experimental condition in which treatment is not administered.
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Self-report
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Easy
Distortable
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Physiological
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Hard to distort
Not always applicable
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Behavioral
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Easy
Influenced by situation
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Validity
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Does it measure what you want it to?
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Reliability
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Is the measure consistent?
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Consent
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Participants must be notified about experimental procedures (including potential risks and benefits) before they sign up.
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Risk/gain assessment
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Weighing the potential physical or emotional harm that an experiment might cause against the benefits that it might produce.
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Deception
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Researchers must not deceive participants about research that has a high likelihood of causing physical pain or severe emotional distress.
Researchers must demonstrate that no equally effective procedures excluding deception are available.
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Debriefing
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Providing information at the end of a study to ensure that participants are not confused, upset, it embarrassed.
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Genotype
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The genetic structure that an organism inherits from its parents.
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Phenotype
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The physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism.
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Natural selection
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The process by which experimental effects lead to varying degrees of reproductive success among individuals with different hereditary traits.
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Cells
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Basic unit of life.
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Nuclei
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Contains genetic information.
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Chromosomes
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Long strands if genetic material.
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Genes
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Small segments of chromosomes containing instruction of the production of proteins.
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DNA
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Sugar phosphate backbones holding nitrogen bases.
Arranged in a double helix.
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Leaioning
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Highly localized brain injuries.
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rTMS
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Uses pulses of magnetic stimulation to create temporary, reversible "lesions" in human participants. WHERE?
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EEG
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An amplified tracing of the brain activity. WHEN?
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PET
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Subjects are given different kinds of radioactive substances that eventually travel to the brain, where they are taken up by active brain cells. WHERE?
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MRI
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Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate pulses of energy within the brain. HOW?
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fMRI
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Combines some of the benefits of both techniques of detecting magnetic changes in the flow of blood cells to the brain. WHERE?
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Central Nervous System
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Neurons in the brain and spinal cord which process incoming signals and send out commands to the body.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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System connecting the body's sensory receptors to the muscles and glands.
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Somatic Nervous System
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Connects the CNS to the skeletal muscles and skin.
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Controls the body's involuntary motor responses by connecting the sensory receptors to the CNS and the CNS to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
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Sympathetic division
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Deals with emergency response and the mobilization of energy.
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Parasympathetic
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Monitors the routine operation of the body's internal function and restores body energy.
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Endocrine system
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The body's slow communication system.
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Reticular formation
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Attention.
The region of the brain stem that alerts the cerebral cortex to incoming sensory signals and is responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep.
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Thalamus
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Relay station.
The brain structure that relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.
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Medulla
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Basic life support.
The region of the brain stem that regulates breathing, walking, and heartbeat.
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Cerebellum
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Coordination of movement.
The region of the brain attached to the brain stem that controls motor coordination, posture, and balance as well as the ability to learn control of body movements.
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Pons
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The bridge.
The region of the brain stem that connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain to one another.
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Amygdala
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Controls emotion, aggression, and the formation of emotional memory.
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Hypothalamus
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Regulates motivated behavior and homeostasis.
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Hippocampus
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Is involved in the acquisition of explicit memory.
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Left hemisphere
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Logic and language
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Right hemisphere
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Intuition and creativity.
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Frontal love
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Involved in motor control and cognitive activities.
Located above the lateral fissure and in front of the central sulcus.
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Occipital lobe
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Contains primary visual cortex.
Rearmost region of the brain.
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Parietal lobe
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Contains somatosensory cortex.
Located behind the frontal lobe and above the lateral fissure.
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Temporal lobe
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Contains auditory cortex.
Located below the lateral fissure.
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Corpus callosum
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Joins hemispheres.
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Broca's area
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Identified a brain area involved in the production of speech.
Difficulty with speech production.
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Wernicke's area
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Identified a brain area involved in the comprehension of speech.
Difficulty with language comprehension.
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Plasticity
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Changes in the performance of the brain.
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Neurogenesis
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The creation if new neurons
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Dendrites
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Receive signals
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Soma
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Integrates signals
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Axon
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Transmits "action potential"
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Terminal buttons
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Release neurotransmitters
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Synapse
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The gap between one neuron and another.
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Action potential
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The nerve impulse activated in a neuron that travels down the axon and causes neurotransmitters to be released into synapse.
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Neurotransmitters
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Chemical messengers released from a neuron that crosses the synapse from one neuron to another, stimulating the postsynaptic neuron.
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Refractory period
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The period of rest during which new nerve impulse cannot be activated in a segment of an axon.
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PSYC 111: CHAPTER 12