53 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
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motivation
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goal directed behavior
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homeostasis
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state of physiological equilibrium or stability
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a drive
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a hypothetical internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.
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incentive
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an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior
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palatability
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the better the food tastes to the more people consume
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quantity available
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the amount eaten is the amount available
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variety
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increase food consumption when a greater variety is available
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presence of others
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eat more when eat with others around
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sensorimotor period
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cordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanance
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preoperational period
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development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism
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concrete operational period
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mental operations applied to cocrete eventsl mastery of conservation, hierarchical classification.
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formal operational period
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mental operations, applied to abstract ideas; logical, systematic thinking
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object permanence
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develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
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stage 1
Punishment orientation
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right and wrong is determined by what is punished
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Stage 2: Naive Reward Orientation
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Right and wrong determined by what is rewarded
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stage 3:
good boy/girl orientation
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right and wrong is determed by close others' approval or disapproval
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stage 4:
authority
orientation
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right and wrong is determined by society's rules, and laws, which should be obeyed rigidly.
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stage 5:
Social contract orientation
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right and wrong is determined by society's rules, which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute.
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Stage 6:
Individuals principles and conscience orientation
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right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equality and justice.
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extraverison
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outgoing, upbeat, sociable, assertive, and gregarious, positive outlook on life.
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neuroticism
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anxious, hostile, self conscious, insecure, and vulnerable
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openess to experience
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curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, artistic sensitivity, and unconventional attitudes
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agreeableness
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sympthatic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward.
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conscientiousness
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diligent, disciplined, well organized,punctual, and dependable
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conscious
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whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time
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preconscious
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contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved
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unsonscious
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contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well bellow the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior
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defense mechanisms
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are largely unconscious reacitons that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.
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rationalizaiton
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creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.
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repression
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keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
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projection
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attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
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displacement
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diverting emotional feelings from their orginal source to a substitute target. (usually anger)
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reaction formation
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behaving in a way thats exactly the opposite of one's true feelings
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regression
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a reversion to immature patterns of behavior
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indentification
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bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
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sublimation
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occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviors.
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psychosexual stages
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developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality
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fixation
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failure to move forward form one stage to another as expected
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oral stage
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first year of life
erotic: mouth biting, sucking, chewing
fixation: obsessive eating, smoking
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anal stage
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second year of life
erotic: bowel movements
fixation: latent feeling of hostility towards usually mother, anxiety about sexual activites later in life
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phallic stage
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3-5
erotic: genitals become the focus for erotic energy
oedipal complex, penis envy
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latency and genital stages
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5-puberty
focuses on contacts beyond the immediate family, sexual urges reappear and focus on others instead of self
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collective unconscious
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storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past.
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archetypes
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emotionally charged images thought forms that have universal meaning
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striving for superiority
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a universal drive to adapt and master life's challenges
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compenstation
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involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiority by developing one's abilities.
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B. F. Skinner
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stimulus situations linked to who?
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humanism
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a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.
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self-concept
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collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviors
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incongruence
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the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's acutal experience
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hierarchy of needs
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systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused
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narcissim
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personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attiention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others.
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parnetal invenstment
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refers to what each sex has to invest in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and forgone opportunities to produce and nurture offspring
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PSYC 111: CHAPTER 12