Bio 205: Test Flashcards
32 Cards in this Set
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Evolution of Cardiovascular system
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multicellularity and tissue specialization, coupled with increased size, require bulk transport of important materials
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Components of bulk transport systems
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propulsive organs (hearts; chambered, tubular, ampullar, pulsating vessels)
pressure réservoir and distributors (arteries)
transfer systems (capillaries)
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two types of bulk transport systems
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open and closed
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how to calculate bulk flow
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M = k[P1 - P2]
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describe open circulatory system
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hemolymph
vessels
30% blood volume
5-10 mm Hg
no capillaries
one pump
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describe closed circulatory system
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blood
vessels
5-10% blood volume
75-150 mm Hg
multicellular animals
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Systolic Pressure
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Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles
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diastolic pressure
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blood pressure that remains between heart contractions
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Bernoulli's Equation
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describes the energy relationships in nonviscous fluid under constant flow
E=P + 1/2pv2 +mgh
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Poiseuille's Equation
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describes fluid flow through a rigid vessel
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Vertebrate skeletal muscle
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-In the vertebrate plan twitch muscles are innervated by 100-1k motor neurons
-Axons branch to innervated multiple fiber
-Each muscle fiber is innervated by single synaptical terminal
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Electrical conduction channels in heart
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-Fast sodium channels
-Slow calcium channels that open in response to change in membrane potential to specific threshold V (calcium moves down its gradient)
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Pressure Volume (PV) Loop
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relationship between pressure and volume of the hear chamber during the cardiac cycle
constructed graphically from the corresponding moment-to-moment values of pressure and volume
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Frank Starling Mechanism
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-If heart muscles are stretched, will contract with more force and increase venous return (return blood to heart from vena cava) = heart fills more
-Muscle fibers stretch and contract more forcefully and you get a larger blood volume
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How is circulation through a capillary bed regulated
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blood flows to parts of the body where it is needed most
Precapillary sphincter relax to allow blood to enter the capillary bed
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Hemmorhage results in...
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loss of blood volume and decrease in blood pressure
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Cardiovascular System Regulation
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exercise
increased cardiovascular performance to support enhances oxygenation of blood at the lungs
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the physiological response to hemorrhage includes..
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immediate hypercardia and generalized vasoconstriction to restore blood pressure supporting oxygen delivery to essential
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Central Cardiovascular system Regulation
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functions of cardio and ventilatory interrelated since changes in oxygen demand will be met by altered activity of both systems
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Corneille Heymans
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first described physiology of vascular system chemo-receptors and baroreceptos that can modulate CNS regulatory activity
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Chemoreceptors
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respond to chemicals
cardiac bodies and the aortic bodies are chemoreceptors for Oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen
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hyperemia
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increased blood flow
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ischemia
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decreased blood flow
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Two most important gases from physioigists perspective
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oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Concentration
(units in resperatory and metabolic physiology)
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volume per volume(% at specific temp); quantity of gas (moles per volume, independent temperature)
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Partial Pressure
(unites in respiratory and metabolic physiology)
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the proportion of the total atmospheric pressure of a gas mixture that is contributed by that gas
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Mammal Respiratory Gas Transport System
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Ventilation -->
Uptake -->
Circulation -->
Delivery
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Lung Ventilation
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Tidal Ventilation
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Gill Ventilation
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active movement of fluid across a respiratpry surface
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what does the swim bladder, seen in the bony fish, do?
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allows them to regulate their buoyant density to remain suspended at any depth in the water effortlessly
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Insect Tracheal System
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Rigid air tubes that branch throughout body (air sacs and trachae)
-Tracheoles reach every cell -->low diffusion distance
-Ventilation: diffusion
-Circulatory system not involved
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Comparative Physiology
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comparing and contrasting of physiological mechanisms, processes of responses across species, or within a single species under different conditions
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Bio 205: Test Flashcards