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Bio 205: Test Flashcards
Evolution of Cardiovascular system |
multicellularity and tissue specialization, coupled with increased size, require bulk transport of important materials |
Components of bulk transport systems |
propulsive organs (hearts; chambered, tubular, ampullar, pulsating vessels)
pressure réservoir and distributors (arteries)
transfer systems (capillaries) |
two types of bulk transport systems |
open and closed |
how to calculate bulk flow |
M = k[P1 - P2] |
describe open circulatory system |
hemolymph
vessels
30% blood volume
5-10 mm Hg
no capillaries
one pump |
describe closed circulatory system |
blood
vessels
5-10% blood volume
75-150 mm Hg
multicellular animals |
Systolic Pressure |
Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles |
diastolic pressure |
blood pressure that remains between heart contractions |
Bernoulli's Equation |
describes the energy relationships in nonviscous fluid under constant flow
E=P + 1/2pv2 +mgh |
Poiseuille's Equation |
describes fluid flow through a rigid vessel |
Vertebrate skeletal muscle |
-In the vertebrate plan twitch muscles are innervated by 100-1k motor neurons
-Axons branch to innervated multiple fiber
-Each muscle fiber is innervated by single synaptical terminal |
Electrical conduction channels in heart |
-Fast sodium channels
-Slow calcium channels that open in response to change in membrane potential to specific threshold V (calcium moves down its gradient) |
Pressure Volume (PV) Loop |
relationship between pressure and volume of the hear chamber during the cardiac cycle
constructed graphically from the corresponding moment-to-moment values of pressure and volume |
Frank Starling Mechanism |
-If heart muscles are stretched, will contract with more force and increase venous return (return blood to heart from vena cava) = heart fills more
-Muscle fibers stretch and contract more forcefully and you get a larger blood volume |
How is circulation through a capillary bed regulated |
blood flows to parts of the body where it is needed most
Precapillary sphincter relax to allow blood to enter the capillary bed |
Hemmorhage results in... |
loss of blood volume and decrease in blood pressure |
Cardiovascular System Regulation |
exercise
increased cardiovascular performance to support enhances oxygenation of blood at the lungs |
the physiological response to hemorrhage includes.. |
immediate hypercardia and generalized vasoconstriction to restore blood pressure supporting oxygen delivery to essential |
Central Cardiovascular system Regulation |
functions of cardio and ventilatory interrelated since changes in oxygen demand will be met by altered activity of both systems |
Corneille Heymans |
first described physiology of vascular system chemo-receptors and baroreceptos that can modulate CNS regulatory activity |
Chemoreceptors |
respond to chemicals
cardiac bodies and the aortic bodies are chemoreceptors for Oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen |
hyperemia |
increased blood flow |
ischemia |
decreased blood flow |
Two most important gases from physioigists perspective |
oxygen and carbon dioxide |
Concentration
(units in resperatory and metabolic physiology) |
volume per volume(% at specific temp); quantity of gas (moles per volume, independent temperature) |
Partial Pressure
(unites in respiratory and metabolic physiology) |
the proportion of the total atmospheric pressure of a gas mixture that is contributed by that gas |
Mammal Respiratory Gas Transport System |
Ventilation -->
Uptake -->
Circulation -->
Delivery |
Lung Ventilation |
Tidal Ventilation |
Gill Ventilation |
active movement of fluid across a respiratpry surface |
what does the swim bladder, seen in the bony fish, do? |
allows them to regulate their buoyant density to remain suspended at any depth in the water effortlessly |
Insect Tracheal System |
Rigid air tubes that branch throughout body (air sacs and trachae)
-Tracheoles reach every cell -->low diffusion distance
-Ventilation: diffusion
-Circulatory system not involved |
Comparative Physiology |
comparing and contrasting of physiological mechanisms, processes of responses across species, or within a single species under different conditions |