Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Protein FoldingII. Enzyme MechanismIII. Gradients and EnergyIV. Bond Energiesa. Definitionb. Biological ApplicationsV. Reaction Favorabilitya. Types of Reactionsb. Energy Diagramsc. Effects from Other FactorsOutline of Current Lecture II. Hydrophillic/Hydrophobic Interactions a. Protein Foldingb. ThermodynamicsIII. Practical ApplicationsCurrent LectureHydrophobic – Molecule that does not “want to be” near waterHydrophillic – Molecule that “wants to” be near waterProtein Folding Occurs when different sections of a chain of Amino Acids are hydrophobic vs. hydrophillic. The differences cause a rearrangement of the molecule as it folds and curls to get the hydrophobic areas away from water. A phosopholipid bilayer is an example of this with the fatty acid tails away and protected from water while the phosphate heads keep and like being against the water.ThermodynamicsWhen the molecule is rearranging and interacting with the water around it, the entropy is increased. Even though the proteins are more organized, the water that was in between the molecules were pushed out to the sides, colliding and unorganized. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Heat is therefore absorbed. This heat helps to break up any lattice structures (i.e. ice) formed by the water molecules near the non polar surfaces. Practical ApplicationsPancreas – The pancreas produces trypsinogen, a molecule that helps the breakdown of molecules in the intestines. When in the intestines, the trypsinogen is converted to typsin. If any typsin is present in the pancreas, it may damage the organ's walls. The formation of a helical protein binds to any of these premature trypsin and helps to protect the pancreal walls. *3.6 Residues (turn) in an alpha helix – 3.6 amino acids – Helical wheel plot shows a helix from a birds eye view so the polar/non polar molecules can be graphedSickle Cell Anemia - Occurs when the hemoglobin fibers are formed in a erythrocyte (red blood cell)Solubility – Ions will always be more soluble1. What are the forms of the molecule?1. Possible ions2. protonated/deprotonated2. What is the ion?Detergent – surrounds any fat with bile non polar sides while the polar sides line the outside where water is present. This allows for removal of any dirt, any and all soap is a bile