HDFS 401: FINAL EXAM
29 Cards in this Set
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-society's idea of gender
-process by which children acquire their values, motives, and behaviors about gender considered appropriate by their culture
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gender typing
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What are Gender
Cultural differences:
who more popular?
well liked?
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-masculine = boys rated more popular, people want to be their friends
-feminine = girls liked more BUT not necessarily more popular
-Taiwan-traditional
-Israel-more accepting of gender ambiguity
-both reacted similar but less extreme in Israel
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-by ____ year-look longer at gender appropriate toys
-by ____use gender labels
-by ____can correctly label own gender
____-more rigidly stereotyped
-think that if dress as opposite gender, may become it (ex: boy in a dress become girl)
____play mainly in gender-se…
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1
2
3
3-5
5-7
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In Early childhood:
gender stereotypes begin around ____months (toys by 3)
Strengthens and becomes rigid through early childhood
Middle Childhood/Adolescence:
extends stereotypes to include personalities and school subjects
More flexible about behavior
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18
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Who is responsible for gender development?
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-typically parents, but even if they do not gender type, kids will get it from environment later on
-more traditional parents label more
(working mother has less stereotypes kids)
-especially dads
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Theories of gender development:
Psychoanalytic
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-Freud
-Oedipus complex
-Inversion (if not one, must be other)
Ex: If are boy but don't identify with dad, must be like mom and be a female and want female partner (must be gay)
-Gender dysphoria (biologically one gender but want to be the other gender)
often s…
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What is
Inversion?
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-if you are not one gender, you must be the other
-if are a boy and don't identify with dad, must be like mom and be gay
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What is
Gender dysphoria?
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-biologically one gender but identify as other gender
-starts in preschool but usually just exploratory
-choose partner to be opposite sex of the gender they identify with, not that they are biologically (so see self as heterosexual)
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Explain Evolutionary theories of gender development
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-explains tendency to gender stereotype (are biological differences)
-different male goals vs. female goals
short-term vs. long-term mating
competition for mate, uncertainty about fatherhood (have as many kids as can)
long pregnancy, need for resources & protecti…
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which theory of gender development:
-learn by same process of other behaviors
-kids attend more to same-sex models
-retain what fits/what understand (if behavior goes against norms, won't internalize)
-imitate model if they are rewarded for behavior instead of punished (feedba…
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social learning
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-Kohlberg- Cognitive Developmental
-stage theory of gender development
age 2-3: gender _____ (labeling)
age 4-5: gender s_______ (may turn into other if act like them)
age 6-7: gender ______
-progressive development (not all of a sudden develop ability)
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identity
stability
consistency/conservation
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Gender Schema Theory:(Bem)
-gradually form schema of what is appropriate for genders based on ______
-more readily remember gender-schematic consistent info
-once one has labels, one progressively forms schema
-androgyny (show characteristics of both genders)
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culture
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What is
Androgyny?
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-show characteristics of both genders
-may be androgynous, but most have propensity to choose one (biology)
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Social Structure:
-the way people develop gender is based on their ____
-women=less _____
-different physical characteristics --> different roles --> different behaviors (submissiveness) & different skills needed (interpersonal vs. independent)
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roles
power/status
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Which gender?
(fewer differences seen in recent years)
-physical activity level ___
-compliance/conformity ____
-physical aggression ___
-relational aggression ___
-math computation ___
-mental rotation & spatial visualization ___
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males
females
males
females
females
males
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-voluntary behavior intended to benefit others
-created because of altruism (avoids issues about rewards)- involves being helpful in any way
-Ex: sharing, giving to others, helping, comforting someone
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prosocial behaviors
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-help others even though/if no gain for self
-not used much anymore because if you feel good when you help someone, does that count? (created prosocial behavior)
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altruism
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What are the Biological influences on prosocial behavior?
-Heritability: twin studies show ___% genetic
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-Ethology/sociobiology: species wide
inclusive fitness (no matter who you help, you're passing on your genes which makes you fit)
benefits one's relatives (help those that look like you --> example of black woman shot by white man)
50
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Explain cultural influences on prosocial behavior
-individualistic vs collectivistic?
-boys vs girls?
___ promotes prosocial behavior, self-focused distress negatively impacts prosocial behavior
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-there are cultural differences, but vary depending on context & other factors
-Ex: balloon popping experiment (Germany, Israel, Indonesia, Malaysia kids)
kids from individualistic cultures (Germany& Israel) help more than collectivistic cultures (Indonesia& Malaysia)
b…
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what is the development of prosocial behavior like?
12-18 months?
2?
4-5
5-7
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-sometimes prosocial (12-18 mos)
-by 2: show prosocial responses
-4-5: increase sharing, comforting
-5-7: increase in all above + helping
-7-10: increase in all prosocial behavior
5-12: greatest increase
-10-16: increase in sharing
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Explain Freud's Theory of moral development
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individual vs. society
people have id impulses, society is unnecessarily harsh and forces people to do moral things (superego) and punishes them if they don't (feel bad and guilty)
parents: proper balance of love& discipline (ego)
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Theories of moral development:
Piaget (Moral Judgment)
what is heteronomous? what is autonomous ?
moral judgment based on ______ (start as respect for authority, moves to having own morals and seeing rules as flexible
____are important because they negotiate while auth…
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others
self
relationships
peers
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______: external authority tells you what is right/wrong and that influences how you make decisions (Ex: speed when police aren't present)
_______: make decisions on own because makes you feel good/right thing to do
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heteronomous
autonomous
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What are the theories of moral development:
Kholberg
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-principles of oughts, obligations and what is "right"
-children respect rules, as age gain understanding for conventions
-Kohlberg's dilemma's to test:
-3 stages:
level 1 (preconventional)
level 2 (conventional)
level 3 (post-conventional)
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name Kohlberg's 3 stages and 2 categories
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1. preconventional(consequences)
1. punishment and obedience
2. instrumental exchange
2. conventional(follow rules)
3. interpersonal roles/relationships
4. authority& social order maintaining
3. postconventional(question rules)
5. social contract orienta…
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explain
Level 1
Empirically do not get past this until age ____
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Preconventional: (consequences)
1. Punishment& obedience orientation (if punished, you did something wrong)
2. Instrumental Hedonism/exchange (you scratch my back, I scratch yours)
12
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explain
Level 2
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Conventional: (follow rules)
3. Interpersonal roles & relationships (doing what should do/good boy, nice girl)
4. Authority& social-order maintaining orientation (do because society would fall apart if not (law/order)
Most people do not get past this level
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explain
Level 3
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Post-Conventional (question rules and make abstract principles)
5. social contract orientation (principles of right& wrong--> social expectations)
6. universal ethical principles (don't even consider laws, just principles)
Difficult to understand unless you reach it (few do…
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Theories of moral development:
Explain Turiel
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-Social domains
-social convention vs. morality (society decides what are good things to do-vary by culture)
-reasons why people do what they do/treat others some way relate to psychological issues
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HDFS 401:Exam 1