64 Cards in this Set
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Why do we study social development?
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Interactions with caregivers and peers
emotional expression
social skills
influence of media/culture/family
different aspects of development- cognitive language, physical, etc- underlie social behavior
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Practical applications of the research
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Educators, medical professionals, parental guidance/counseling, policy makers
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How so biological and environmental influences affect social development?
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Genetics X environment (not either/or)
ie: aggression can be because of increased levels if testosterone but this can be pulled out of the environment as well
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Genie example
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Girl was locked up for 12 years
deprived of all sensory stimulation
had no language
malnourished
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Critical periods
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Certain point in ones development in which your brain expects to get certain info
Ex: Romanian orphanage children at 1yr we're able to recover but had long term effects
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What role do children play in their own development?
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Children actively explore their environments
the world changes for them as they learn to crawl, walk, talk, etc
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Transactional model of social interactions
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Interactions are always bidirectional and are always changing
Interactions are like a cycle, continuing to affect the next response
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What is the appropriate unit for studying social development?
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SOCIAL DYADS-- important to look at pairs of social interactions (ie parent-child interaction)
Social groups
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Is development continuous or discontinuous?
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If you look very closely, a child's development looks very gradual or continuous
If you look at more of a birds eye view development may look more step like
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Is social behavior the result of the situation or the child?
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The situation can have certain circumstances that bring out different traits of the child
As children get older,they may be choosing their situations more, therefore acting the same
Developing independence and self concept
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Is social development universal across cultures
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Culture-free laws of development: acquiring the basic foundations of social life OR variation in beliefs and child rearing practices across cultural settings
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Universals in social development
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Development and progression of language
Emotions
Communications
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How does social development vary across historical eras?
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Gradual shifts: family timing and structure, modes of communication, mothers working outside the home
Significant events affect social development of children at that time
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Is social development related to other developmental domains?
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Cognitive: executive functions, emotion regulation, interpret language
Language development
Motor development
Reciprocal nature of cross domain influence
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Is there a single pathway of social development?
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Multi finality: we start in the same place but end in many different places
Equifinality: start in different places and end up in the same spot
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What influences how we judge children's social behavior?
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Characteristics of the child (gender), appearance , temperament, the adults mental state
Social judgements are important because they alter the way the child is treated
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Do developmental psychologists own social development?
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Scholars in a variety of fields have made valuable contributions to the field of social development
(Neuroscience, genetics, sociology, biology, etc)
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Cognitive social learning theory
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Children learn by observing and imitating others (Bandura/bobo doll)
Imitation requires cognition
Reciprocal determinism
Self efficacy
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Reciprocal determinism
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Children's actions produce responses by other people, leading to changes in the social environment and changes in the child
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Self-efficacy
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How well a child deals with social interactions is influenced by self efficacy
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Social information processing theory
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How children assess social situations affects how they act
Notice social cues
Interpret cues
Formulate social goals
Generate possible problem solving strategies
Evaluate probable effectiveness of strategies
Enact response
Peer evaluation and response
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How are babies prepared- visual preparation for social interaction
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Babies attracted to visual social stimuli
(Faces, especially the eyes)
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Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
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Development emerges from social interactions and cultural factors
Zone of proximal development
Culture includes setting and practices and how these are presented to the child
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Zone of proximal development
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The assistance and guidance provided by others is what pushes children to develop to their full potential
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Bronfenbrenners ecological theory
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Microsystem: immediate family, teacher, peers
Mesosystem: interactions between Microsystems
Exosystems: media, neighbors, parents workplace
Macrosystem: cultural values, beliefs, community
Chronosystem: historical context, age cohort, big events
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Ethnological theory
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In order to understand development, you must account for the child's biology at the time and the ecosystem its in
Universal behaviors- emotions: communication and survival mechanism
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Human behavior genetics
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Influence of heredity on social traits
Using statistical estimation, how much heredity influences behavior and traits
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Life span perspective
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Extends development into adulthood
Normative events vs nonormative
Age cohorts
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How are babies prepared- biological to social rhythms
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Parents try to get baby on their sleep-wake cycle
Acquisition of biological regulatory skills interactional synchrony
Development of biological rhythms that help babies deal with the time-based nature of social interaction
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Auditory preparedness for social interaction
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Well developed before birth
Prefer high pitch and exaggerated contours (child-directed speech)
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Why are babies prepared - social partner
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Infants prefer face to face play to other activities
Capable to regulating interactions with gaze
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Why are babies prepared
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Because infants depend on the support and nurture of parents for an extended period of time, they are biologically programmed to be responsive and have a set of social responses that ensures that their needs are met
To make themselves attractive social partners
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Cerebrum
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The two connected hemispheres of the brain
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Cerebral cortex
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Layer covering the cerebrum
Covers specific functions
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Cerebral hemispheres
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Right hemisphere- visual and spatial information, nonspeech sounds, processing emotional information
Left hemisphere- associated with language and emotion processing
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Corpus callosum
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Nerve fibers that connect the hemispheres of the brain
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Lateralization
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Each half of the brain becomes specialized for certain functions
Begins early in life- if a child experiences brain injury, their brain can recover if not fully developed yet
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Neurons
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Most neurons are present in the brain by the seventh month after conception
Multiply very rapidly by neuron proliferation
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Myelination
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Covers neurons with myelin to make transmitting of information more efficient
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Synapse
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Specialized site of communication between neurons
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Synaptogenesis
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The forming of synapses
Begins early in prenatal life
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Synaptic pruning
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Disposes of under stimulated neurons
Frees space for new synaptic connections
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Experience expectant processes
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At birth, there are certain experiences that our brain expects to have
IE sensory stimulation
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Experience dependent processes
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How we are stimulated is different
IE we grow up in different locations, therefore different experiences
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Mirror neurons
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Fire both when a person acts and when the person observes the same action
Learn new skills by imitation, important for understand others actions and intentions
Linked to language acquisition, theory of mind, and empathy
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Human behavior genetics
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Focused attention on estimating genetic contributions to the array of individual differences in social behavior
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Heritability factor
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How much our inheritance influences our traits/abilities
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Adoption studies
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Compare adopted children to biological and adoptive parents
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Twin studies
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Compare similarities between identical twins and fraternal twins
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Passive gene environment association
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Parents provide environment similar to their own phenotype
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Evocative gene environment association
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The way the child acts evokes different reactions from parents
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Active gene environment association
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Child actively makes decisions on activities that fit them
Niche picking
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G X E model
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People in the same environment are affected differently depending on their genetic makeup
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ADHD
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Prefrontal cortex under developed (impulse control)
Dopamine receptors work less
Environmental and genetic factors
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Operant conditioning
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basis for the development of attachment is the visual, auditory, and tactile stimulation
attachment is not automatic and develops over time
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cognitive development theory
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infant's ability to differentiate between familiar/unfamiliar people and the infants awareness that people still exist even when they cannot be seen
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When is the earliest that children show object permanence?
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3 1/2 months
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secure base
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a starting point from which the infant can venture forth to explore the world and a haven of safety to which he can return to in times of danger
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Ethological theory
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bowlby
attachment is linked to exploration
develop mutual attachments
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Preattachment
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0-2 months
indiscriminate social responsiveness
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Attachment in the making
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2-7 months
recognition of familiar people
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Clear cut attachment
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7-24 months
separation protest, wariness of strangers
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goal corrected partnership
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24 months on
relationships more two sided; children understand parents needs
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Phases of attachment
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1. preattachment
2. attachment in the making
3. clear-cut attachment
4. goal-corrected partnership
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HDFS 401:Exam 1