52 Cards in this Set
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descriptive science
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(also, discovery science) form of science that aims to observe, explore, and investigate
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Inductive Reasoning
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Observations of similar things generate an overarching principle
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Deductive Reasoning
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General principle to predict an outcome. Begin with a hypothesis
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Basic Science
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The pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake
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Applied Science
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uncovering facts for a specific problem, technology
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Level of Organization
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Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles
Cells
Organs, Organ System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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The three domains of life
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1. Bacteria and Archaea which are both single cell prokayotes (DNA is free rather than confined in nuclei)
3. Eukarya (everything else) multi or uni cellular with nucleus
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Bacteria
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Found everywhere, important geochemical agents.
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Archaea
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Often in extreme environments
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Eukarya
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Very compartmentalized, much of what we can see, animal plants
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hydrophobic
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molecules are non polar, not soluble in water
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Hydrophilic
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dissolves in water (polar)
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Matter
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all things that occupy space
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Required elements for life
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sulfur
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorous
hydrogen
oxygen
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Nitrogen
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for proteins, nucleic acids
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phosphorus
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nucleic acids (RNA, DNA), phospholipid membrances
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Sulfur
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proteins
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Trace Metals
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adding or removing electrons from a molecule
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Protons
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mass & positively charged
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Neutrons
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Mass & no charge
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Electrons
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no mass & negative charge
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Isotopes
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Elements can form nuclei, having different numbers of electrons. Same chemical reactivity, differ in mass. Stable isotopes have a high mass.
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octet rule
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atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their outer shells. 2 - 8 - 8
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Metals
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"give-up" electrons to clear outer shell
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Non-Metals
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Acquire Electrons
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Molecules
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Atoms sharing electrons form bonds as do ions of opposite charge, creating large elaborate structures of atoms
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Molecules
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Polar: dissolve in water
Non-Polar: do not dissolve in water
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Hydrogen Bonds
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Between oppositely charged polar regions of nearby molecules ---DNA!
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Water
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Polar, high heat capacity and high vaporization. Universal Solvent, cohesive and adhesive
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pH
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units are exponents, one step is a huge change. Ten Fold difference
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Acids
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Acids release H ions, -pH7. Acidic Molecule is negatively charged
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Bases
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acquire protons, +pH7. basic molecules are positively charged
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Carbon
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6 electrons, 4 are in the outer shell. Can make 4 bonds, can make any size and shape molecule.
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Hydrocarbons
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long chains of hydrogen and carbon in lipids
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Functional Groups
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Atoms found within molecules confer certain properties to that area of the molecule. For Examples: acids, bases
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Dehydration Synthesis
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Formation of covalent bonds between monomers through water removal
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Hydrolysis
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Reactions that break down molecules by adding water
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Carbohydrates
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energy source, classified by monomers on structure. Condensation in carbs form disaccharides
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Starch
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Polysaccharides formed by glucose
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Cellulose
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Polysaccharides formed by glucose
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phospholipids
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modified triglycerides with two fatty acid groups and a phosphorus group
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Lipids
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Steroids, waxes, fats/oils, phospholipids
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Fatty Acids
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carbon hydrogen bonds break down to ATP, Saturated or Unsaturated . Exclude water, phosphate interacts with water
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Membrane Bilayer
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must be fluid to function correctly. Degree of fatty acid saturation dictates membrane fluidity at different temperatures
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Amino Acid Side Chains
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1. polar (hydrophilic)
2. negatively charged
3. positively charged
4. non polar hydrophobic
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Phospholipid Bilayer
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Hydrophillic (lipid) head
Hydrophobic (phosphate) tail
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Functional Proteins (Primary Structure)
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linear order of amino acids. Amino terminals is first, carboxyl terminus is last acid. Amino by peptide through dehydration
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Functional Proteins (Secondary Structure)
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Major structural elements stabilize by hydrogen bonds. Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet.
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Functional Proteins (Tertiary Structure)
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Completely folded proteins, many proteins end here. expel water and come together
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Functional Proteins (Quaternary Structure)
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some functions only happen when they reach this level multiple proteins forming a functional complex. Some enzymes have several protein subunits that come here
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DNA
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Deoxyribose, stable. Always go 5' to 3' T&A form 2 Hydrogen bonds while C&G for 3 Hydrogen bonds
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RNA
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contains ribose sugar, easily hydrolyzed
U not T
Transcription of DNA into mRNA, translation into protein by ribosomes
t RNA transfer RNA delivers to ribosomes
rRNA ribosomal RNA synthesis peptide bonds to pchain
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BIOL 2050: Exam 3