43 Cards in this Set
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Autotroph
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-organisms that make their own organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic sources
-Photosynthetic organism
-Self Feeder
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Heterotroph
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-Consumer and decomposer
-Cannot make their own food
-Needs a source of molecules to survive
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Photosynthesis
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-Conversion of light energy to chemical energy in the form of sugar and other organic molecules
-Turning sunlight into energy
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Stomata
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-Small pores in the surface of the leaves.
(Through which O2 and CO2 are exchanged with the atmosphere)
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Photon
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-Discrete unit that contains a fixed amount of energy
-Quantum of light/energy
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Chlorplast
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-The site of photosynthesis in plant cells
-Green organelle that converts sunlight to energy in plants
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Wavelength
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-the horizontal (~~~) distance between the crests of successive waves
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Accessory Pigment
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-Chlorophyll molecules that pass their energy to chlorophyll a
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Photosystem I
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-A protein complex in thylakoid membrane that uses energy absorbed from sunlight to synthesize NADPH
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Photosystem II
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-A protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that uses energy absorbed from sunlight to synthesize ATP
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Metabolism
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-All rxns that either consume or produce energy
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Anabolic
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-Synthesis rxn
-creating larger more complex reactions
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Catabolic
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-Degradative rxn
-Larger molecules will be broken down into smaller less complex molecule
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Kinetic Energy
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-"energy in motion"
-Actively being used
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Potential Energy
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-"Stored Energy"
-Energy an object has because of its location or chemical structure
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Entropy
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-A measure of disorder or randomness
-Constantly increasing
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Enthalpy (ΔH)
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-A measure of order
-Potential Energy in a system
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Free Energy
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-The amount of energy in a rxn thats available to do work
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Exergonic
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A rxn w/a -ΔG
-Releases energy and is spontaneous
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Endergonic
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-A rxn w/a +ΔG
-requires added energy and is nonspontaneous
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Activation Energy (Ea•)
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-The energy required to get a rxn started
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Activator or Inhibitor
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-Molecules that can bind to an enzyme and either turn on or off enzyme activty
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Competitive Inhibitor
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-Binds to active site of the enzyme and blocks bind of the substrate of the active site
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Noncompetitive Inhibitor
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-Binds to the enzyme somewhere other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme so it can not function
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Allosteric Regulator
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-Anything that binds to an enzyme and regulates its activity by changing the shape of the enzyme
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Oxidation
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-When electrons are removed from an atom or molecule (substance)
-Hydrogen is removed
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Reduction
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-Molecule or Atom receives electrons
-gain of electrons or hydrogen
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Coenzyme
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-Organic cofactors/molecules
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Chemiosmosis
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-Free energy released by the electron flow then generates an H+ gradient
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
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-Enzyme-catalyzed reaction that transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
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Aerobic
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-In eukaryotes and most prokaryotes
-Oxygen is a reactant in the ATP-producing process
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Anaerobic
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-In some prokaryotes
-A molecule other than oxygen, such as sulfate or nitrate, is used in the ATP-producing process
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Fermentation
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-Electrons carried by NADH are transferred to an organic acceptor molecule rather than to the electron transfer system
-Absence of oxygen
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Catalyst
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-Chemical agent that accelerates the rate of a reaction without itself being change
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Enzyme
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-Protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction
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Substrate
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molecular group that an enzyme catalyzes
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Active Site
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-The area of an enzyme where substrates bind and where catalysis occurs
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Primary Electron Acceptor
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-Accepts electrons that chlorophyll a loses during the light reactions
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Reaction Center Chlorophyll
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-Receives light energy absorbed by the antenna complex in the same photosystem
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Pigment
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-a colored chemical compound that absorbs light
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only be converted from one form to another
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Equation for free energy
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ΔG[Free Energy]=ΔH[Enthalpy]-T[temp](ΔS[Entropy])
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2nd Law of thermodynamics
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Disorder is constantly increasing in the universe
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BIOL 2050: Exam 3