BIOL 2050: Final Exam
68 Cards in this Set
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Catabolic (cannibalism) Reaction
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Degredative reaction, where larger molecules are broken down into smaller less complex molecules and energy is released.
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Anabolic Reaction
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Synthesis reaction, where larger more complex molecules are made from smaller ones and energy is consumed.
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Energy
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the ability to do work or bring about change.
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As energy is being consumed/used, it always releases ____ as a waste product
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heat
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How do you know how much energy is being used?
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Measure the heat released.
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Calorie
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The amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree c
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1000 calories= __ kilocalories
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1
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Does Calorie=Kilocalories?
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Yes
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Joule
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Also used to measure energy
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-1 calorie= ___ joules
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4.184
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-1000 joules= __ kilojoule
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1
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Kinetic energy
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energy in motion
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potential energy
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"inactive" or stored energy
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Can energy convert from one to another?
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yes
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Chemical bonds represent ___ ____.
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Potential energy
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To make a covalent bond ___ must be put in. When that bond breaks it will release energy.
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energy
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First law of Thermodynamics
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states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed it can only be converted from one form to another
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Second of thermodynamics
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states that disorder is constantly increasing in the universe. This is in direct response to molecular motion, which is caused by heat.
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Entropy
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measure of disorder or randomness
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Enthalpy
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measure of order
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The formations of bonds represent an _____ in enthalpy
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increase
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Free energy
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the amount of energy available to do work
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what does free energy depend on?
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It depends on the amount of entropy and enthalpy being produced by the reaction
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G = __
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Free energy
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H = __
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enthalpy
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S = __
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Entropy
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T = __
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temperature
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Δ =
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Change in
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ΔG =
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=Δ H – T (ΔS)
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Free Energy= ____ - ____
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Enthalpy – Entropy
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- ΔG
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This is a reaction where entropy is increasing over enthalpy.
-More bonds are being broken than formed
-This type of bond is spontaneous and releases energy
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–Δ G example
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Ex. Starch breaking down into sugar (catabolic)
-has a –Δ G and is spontaneous
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+ΔG
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This a reaction where enthalpy is increasing over entropy
-making more bonds
-not spontaneous and requires addition of energy
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+ΔG example
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Ex. Sugar being converted to starch (Anabolic reaction)
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Exergonic Reaction
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-ΔG, occurs spontaneously, and releases energy (catabolic)
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Endergonic Reaction
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+ΔG, occurs non-spontaneously and requires the addition of energy(Anabolic)
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How many steps are in glycolysis and where does it occur?
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10 steps, cytoplasm
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Glycolysis converts each molecule of glucose to two molecules of _____.
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pyruvic acid (a 3-carbon molecule)
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Is glycolysis an anaerobic process or an aerobic process?
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anaerobic
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anaerobic
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O2 is not required
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what is the net yield in ATP in glycolysis?
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2
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Net yield of __ NADH per glucose
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2
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Formation of Acetyl-Co A
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pyruvic acid
--->acetic acid + CO2+NADH+ acetic acid + co-enzyme A--> acetyl CoA
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Where does the Citric Acid Cycle Occur?
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Occurs in the inner mitochondrial matrix
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Is the Citric Acid Cycle an aerobic process?
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Yes
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In the Citric Acid Cycle there is a net yield of __ ATP per glucose molecule (per 2 acetyl CoA)
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2
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In the Citric Acid Cycle there is a net yield of ___ NADH and ___ FADH2
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6,2
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FAD serves the same purpose as ___.
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NAD
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Citric Acid Cycle
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in this stage of cellular respiration, the oxidation of glucose to CO2 is completed
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What does the Electron Transport System consist of?
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Consists of a series of enzymes on the inner mitochondrial membrane
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Chemiosmosis
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process in the ETS in which H+ ions are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the outer mitochonrial compartment.
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What happens after H+ ions are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the outer mitochonrial compartment?
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the H+ ions then flow back through special pores in the membrane, a process that is thought to drive the process of ATP synthesis.
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ETS has a net yield of __ ATP per glucose molecule
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34
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What happens at the end of the electron transport chain and is the function of oxygen in living organisms?
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6 H2O are formed when the electrons unite with O2* at the end of the electron transport chain
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Organisms that dophotosynthesis are called ____
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Autotrophs
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Organisms that cannot maketheir own food and must consume it, are called _____
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heterotrophs
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_____ consistsof particles of energy, called ____ thatmove as waves
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Light, photons
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Photonswith _____ wavelengths have more energy than those with _____ wavelengths
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shorter, longer
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All thedifferent wavelengths have been organized into something called the ___________ ____________.electromagnetic spectrum.
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electromagnetic spectrum
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Pigments
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are molecules thathave the ability to absorb light energy
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In plant cells the primaryphotosynthetic pigment is ____.
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chlorophyll
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•occurs in chloroplasts
•located in mesophyll cells
•inside the leaf
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photosynthesis
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Light Reaction (light dependent reaction)
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•Requires the presence of light
•Occurs in the thylakoid membranes
•Where light is captured and converted to ATP and NADPH
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Dark Reaction (light independent reaction)
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•Usually occurs in the light, but can occur for short periods in the dark.
•Where the ATP and NADPH from the light reaction are used to convert CO2 to glucose (C6H12O6)
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stomata
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a minute opening in leaves, stems, etc., through which gases are exchanged.
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thylakoid
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a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
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granum
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A stacked membranous structure within a chloroplast that contains the chlorophyll and is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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wavelength
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the distance, measured in the direction of propagation of a wave, between two successivepoints in the wave that are characterized by the same phase of oscillation.
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BIOL 2050: Exam 3