66 Cards in this Set
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Two types of energy pathways and their characteristics: what types of organisms use each?
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Anaerobic- Without oxygen. Used in bacteria and protists where oxygen is absent or scarce
Aerobic- With oxygen. Used by large, multicelled organisms
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Glycolysis - what happens and how much ATP is produced.
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Splitting of glucose forms ATP Glycolysis produces 4 ATP's and 2 NADH, but uses 2 ATP's in the process for a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
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Aerobic respiration - where does it occur and how many ATP are produced?
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Occurs in the mitochondria, produces large amounts of ATP (36 to 38)
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Krebs Cycle
- Know where it occurs in the cell
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Mitochondria (Inner Membrane)
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- Know the important energy molecules produced
krebs cycle
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2 FADH2 = 10 NADH
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Inputs and outputs of krebs cycle
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a. CO2
b. NADH and FADH2
c. 2 ATP
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Electron transport chain (ETC)
Know where it occurs
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- Inner mitochondrial membrane
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the inputs and outputs of electron transport chain
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1. Inputs
a NADH and FADH2
b. ADP
c. O2
2. Outputs (per glucose)
a. H2O
b. NAD+ and FAD+
c. 32 to 34 ATP
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Know how many ATP are produced from electron transport chain
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32 to 34 ATP
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- Know the total ATP yield from one glucose molecule.
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36-38 ATP per glucose
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Know the other energy sources besides glucose
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carbohydrates)
Fats- Energy from fat is 78% of energy stores
Proteins- 21% of energy stores
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Anaerobic pathway
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Occurs in the absence of oxygen or oxygen poor environments
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Be familiar with what organisms use this pathway anaerobic pathway
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Bacteria and protists
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What are the effects of exercise on immune function and infection risk?
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A Moderate exercise workload is best for immune function and infection risk
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Why is increased mitochondrial density important and how is it stimulated?
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The body must generate more mitochondria in order to accommodate increased demand.
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Effects of exercise on mood
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positive effects
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What is neurogenesis
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Process by which neurons are generated from the neural stem cells and progenitor cells
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What effect does exercise have on it? neurogenesis
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Exercise stimulates adult neurogenesis
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What factors stimulate it (neurogenesis) in mice
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Toy rich environment, learning, exercise
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What is MDD and what effect does exercise have on it?
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Major depressive disorder, exercise relieves these symptoms
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Know how Carbon and energy enter the web of life
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Carbon is the backbone of all organic molecules
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Know the overview (the broad definition of Photosynthesis)
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The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.
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Know the starting point of food chains and food webs, with what organism do they begin?
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The true beginning of food chains and webs is the sun. However, the organism that food chains begin with are plants
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Autotrophs
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Self-feeders
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Heterotrophs
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Feed on autotrophs and each other
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Location of chloroplasts
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Occur within the cytoplasm of a cell
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Structure of chloroplasts
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Consist of an inner and outer membrane, stroma, granum, and chloroplast, thylakoids
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Function of chloroplasts
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Capture and conversion of sunlight energy to chemical energy occurs here
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Stroma
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Fluid in which thylakoids rest
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Functions of stroma
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It is where enzymes take the carbon from carbon dioxide and then mixes it with oxygen and hydrogen to make a simple carbohydrate molecule.
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Thylakoids
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Small disk-like compartments composed of membranes that are the sites of sunlight-dependent photosynthesis
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Functions of thykaloids
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Contains the pigment chlorophyll which is used to harvest light energy and give plants their green color
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Light dependent reaction-
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• Occur in the thylakoids
• Sunlight splits water molecules, releasing O2.
• ATP and NADPH are produced
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Light Independent reaction
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Occur in the stroma
• ATP and NADPH are used here
• CO2 is dismantled for the carbon and oxygen
• Glucose is made
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Know the chemical equation for photosynthesis
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12H20
6CO2
=
6O2
C6H12O6
6H2O
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Know how the light dependent and light-independent reactions are linked
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Light dependent produces energy, that energy is used in the light independent reaction
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h. What happens to glucose after photosynthesis?
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Glucose is almost immediately converted to Sucrose, Starch, or cellulose
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What does the plant use it for (glucose)
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The plant uses these sugars or starches for energy
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Know the photosynthetic pigments
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Chlorophyll- Absorbs blue and red, reflects green light
Carotenoids- Absorb violet and blue. Reflects yellow, blue, and red
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Which pigment is the main one used by plants?
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Plants mainly use the pigment chlorophyll
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Know the importance of pigments and what they do
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Pigments are responsible for the colors that we observe in all organisms
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Know what a photosystem is
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A photosystem is a collection of 200-300 light absorbing pigments located in the thylakoid of the chloroplast
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What do photosystem I and photosystem II produce?
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Photosystem type 1: Designed to make NADPH
Photosystem type 2: Makes ATP
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What is the role of Hydrogen ions
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Hydrogen ions produce an electrical and chemical gradient
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What do they produce and what is the process called?
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Flow of these gradients is used to power production of ATP - called chemiosmosis
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Know how plants capture carbon
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carbon dioxide diffuses into the cell and stroma of the chloroplast
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carbon fixation - what molecule is used?
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Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)
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how glucose is built
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Calvin-Benson cycle: ATP and NADPH supply energy to form bonds
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Know the end product of the Calvin-Benson Cycle
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Glucose
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Know what is different in photosynthesis in C4 and CAM plants
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C4 Plants: modified for hot, dry environments. Plants close to epidermal openings (stomata) to conserve water, limits CO2 entry. Carbon can be stored in special cells
CAM Plants: Time modifications. Opens stomata only at night. Allows plant to survive prolonged dry periods
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What are the causes of deforestation
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Logging, Farming, Mining
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What percentage of land mass is currently covered by rainforest? How much has it decreased?
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Rainforest cover has dropped from 14% to 6%
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What is the rate at which it (rainforests) is being destroyed?
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One and a half acres per second
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Know the story of the Calophyllum tree
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Proven to have 100% effectiveness in halting replication of AIDS virus
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What % of foods in the grocery store are genetically modified
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75%
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What is artificial selection
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Selecting certain desirable traits that have occurred naturally
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What is a transgenic organism
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Moving a gene from one organism to another
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What are some of the benefits of GMOs
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Shrinking environmental footprint, decreased pesticide use, increased use
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How are they created? gmo products
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Injecting seeds with new DNA, agrobacterium
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What are the crops in our food supply that are genetically modified
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Corn, Sugar beets, cotton, soy, canola
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Who is the major producer of go products
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Monsanto
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How are they regulated by the FDA
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Do not require pre-market approval
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What do scientific studies say about their safety
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No evidence they are harmful
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What are Roundup ready crops
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Crops that will survive roundup spray
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What are Bt crops
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Cut holes in the gut of insects
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. What are the possible effects of GMOs and how can these foods be avoided?
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Allergic reactions, production of toxins, decreased nutritional content, increased immune response and inflammation, gut issues, cancer
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BIO 1201: Final Exam