110 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
science
|
way of knowing, an approach to understanding the natural world
|
|
Endotherm
|
Can raise their body temperature above waters temperature. (Warm Blooded)
|
|
Exampled of enfotherm
|
Great white shark, tuna, swordfish, birds, mammals
|
|
Ectotherm
|
Regulated temperature by exchanging heat with its surrounding. (Cold blooded)
|
|
Examples of ectotherm
|
crayfish, crab, goldfish, plants
|
|
Piezophile/ Barophile
|
Pressure loving Bacteria. Can thrive at pressures that kill bacteria
|
|
Halophile
|
Bacteria with a red pigment, live in osmotic equilibrium with 3 molar salt
|
|
Thermophile
|
Bacteria that exist in temperatures up to 132 degrees C, hydrothermal vents, live with 1/2 molar urea (potent proteins) in their tissue.
|
|
Atomic Mass
|
protons plus nuetrons
|
|
Atomic Number
|
Protons and electrons (unless ion)
|
|
Electron Shell
|
2,8,8,18,18,32,32
|
|
Valence
|
the number of unpaired electrons in the outermost shell
|
|
Why is valence important?
|
If the outer shell is full, then it is unreactive
|
|
Valence electrons
|
The total number of electrons found on the outermost shell
|
|
Strong Bonds
|
Covalent bonds
|
|
Covalent bonds
|
Strong bonds that share electrons to complete the valence shell
|
|
Polar Covalent Bonds
|
unequal share of electrons with no net charge
|
|
Non-Polar covalent Bonds
|
Equal share of electrons
|
|
Weak Bonds
|
Hydrogen bonds and ionic Bonds
|
|
Hydrogen bonds and Ionic bonds
|
Weak bonds that transfer electrons to one another
|
|
Electronegativity
|
The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond, the more electroneg. the more polar
|
|
Electronegativity numbers
|
0- Non polar
1-Polar
2-Ionic
|
|
High Heat Capacity
|
amount of heat to raise 1 g of water by 1 degree C
|
|
High heat of Vaporization
|
Amount of heat to vaporize 1 g of water. .539 cal/g at 100 degrees C
|
|
High Heat of fusion
|
Amount of heat to freeze 1g of water/ .080 cal/g
|
|
Most Dense at 4 Degrees C
|
Lakes do not freeze from the bottom up, water is less dense as a solid than a liquid
|
|
High Delectric
|
Good solvent (what is actually being dissolved)
|
|
Capillary action and surface tension
|
Due to hydrogen bonding
|
|
Ionization
|
Dissociation into acid (hydronium ion) and base (hydroxl ion)
|
|
What do pH and pOH add up to
|
14
|
|
pH less than 7
|
acidic
|
|
pH more than 7
|
basic
|
|
pH 7
|
nuetral
|
|
Supercooling (undercooling)
|
cooling of liquid below its freezing point without the formation of ice crystals
|
|
Problem with supercooling
|
ice can form spontaneously, damaging tissues
|
|
How does Lobelia Teleki keep its tissues from freezing even when the air temperature drops to -10 degrees C?
|
Ice nucleators maintain fluid and plant temp at 0 Degrees C, which keeps it from freezing. Water in plant releases heat of fusion, keeping the plant tissues form freezing
|
|
What do ice nucleators have in them
|
proteins, polysaccharides which prevent supercooling and cause freezing at higher temperatures
|
|
Antarctic fish prevent ice formation in their tissue, even though they have cell temps below freezing point. They do this by accumulating anti freeze proteins. How?
|
Antifreeze peptides H-bonds with Ice, making it energetically more difficult to add a water molecule to a curved surface of ice crystals, decreasing the freezing point.
|
|
Colligative properties
|
Depend on the number of particles, not the nature of them
|
|
Why are antifreeze proteins called hysteresis proteins?
|
They affect freezing point, but not melting point
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
H is bonded to O
|
|
Hydroxyl group
|
ALCOHOLS
|
|
Carbonyl
|
O atom is double bonded to C
|
|
Carbonyl Group
|
ALDEHYDES AND KEYTONES
|
|
Carboxyl
|
O is double bonded to C which is also bonded to -OH group
|
|
Carboxyl Group
|
ACID
|
|
Amino
|
2 H atoms are bonded to N which is also bonded to a carbon skeleton
|
|
Amino Group
|
AMINES
|
|
Phosphate
|
4 O atoms are bonded to P. 2 of those O are negatively charged and one O is bonded to a carbon skeleton
|
|
Phosphate Group
|
ORGANIC PHOSPHATE
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
S atom is bonded to H (Looks like hydroxyl)
|
|
Sulfhydryl Group
|
THIOLS
|
|
Methyl
|
3 H atoms are bonded to C
|
|
Methyl Group
|
CH3 (NONPOLAR)
|
|
Dehydration (condensation) Synthesis of a polymer?
|
proceeds with the removal of a water molecule
|
|
Dehydration reaction
|
Monomers are connected by a reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded with the LOSS of a water molecule
|
|
Hydrolesis (breakdown of a polymer)
|
reverse of dehydration reaction, bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule
|
|
How many covalent bonds are there in a protein 50 amino acids long?
|
49 ( always one less)
|
|
Carbohydrates Structural role
|
plants- cellulose
animals- chitin
|
|
Carbohydrates energy role
|
plants- starch
Animals- glycogen
metabolic fuels
storage form
|
|
Monosacharides
|
most common is sugar (glucose)
|
|
Disacharide
|
2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond)
|
|
Polysacharide
|
polymers with a few hundred thousand monosacharides joined by glycosidic linkage
|
|
How much energy is available relative to an equal mass of lipid?
|
2 times as much is available from fat apposed to sugars
|
|
Lipids
|
water insoluble bio molecules made up of nonpolar groups (structural component of cell membrane)
|
|
Saturated fat
|
saturated with hydrogen atoms, no double or triple bonds with carbon (butter)
|
|
Unsaturated Fat
|
double bonds cause kink in the structure of the lipid due tot acyl chains (oil)
|
|
Unsaturated Fats melting point
|
Have a lower melting point than saturated and are solid at room temperature
|
|
Triglyceride
|
Polymer, driven from glycerol and 3 fatty acids
|
|
Phospholipid
|
polymer of lipids with phosphate groups and compose the cell membrane of cells
|
|
Hydrophobic
|
Hates water, TAILS that when comprise the cell membrane are with the membrane and touch no water
|
|
Hydrophillic
|
Water loving, HEADS that when comprise the cell mebrane face the outside and inside of the cell
|
|
Proteins
|
made up of amino acids
|
|
What do all 20 amino acids have in common?
|
central carbon, Amino group, carboxyl group, Hydrogen, r groups
|
|
What are R groups
|
Side chains on amino acid
|
|
Polar R Groups
|
Interact with partially neg and pos water (hydrophilic)
|
|
Non-Polar R Groups
|
No partial charges (hydrophobic)
|
|
Hydrophobic R groups
|
Non- Polar and are buried in the interior of proteins
|
|
Hydrophilic R goups
|
Polar and interact with one another on the surface
|
|
How is the covalent linkage between amino acids formed?
|
Dehydration synthesis, not does involve R groups (amino and carboxyl groups are involved)
|
|
Levels all proteins share in common
|
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
|
|
How is primary stablized
|
Covalent bonds on the peptide backbone
|
|
How is secondary stabilized
|
Hydrogen bonds on the peptide backbone
|
|
How is tertiary stabilized
|
R groups, hydrogen, ionic, hydrophobic, vanderwalls interactions, strong sulfide bridge, SH group form covalent bond
|
|
How is quaternary stabilized
|
multiple polypeptides chains fit together to form a larger protein, can be identical subunits or different polypeptides
|
|
Prion disease
|
Caused by infectious proteins, slowly developing, indestructible
|
|
How is prion spread?
|
tissues and instruments
|
|
CJD
|
cruetz feld jacobs disease, onset at 60 or older, caused from eating meat from infected cows
|
|
vCJD
|
early onset of CJD
|
|
CWD
|
Chronic wasting disease, deals with mule deer and elk
|
|
Kuru
|
Laughing disease in Papeu New Guinea
|
|
Scrapie
|
Sheep/ only new z and Austria are free from this
|
|
ALL EPIDEMIOLOGY IS LINKED TO
|
CATTLE PRODUCTS CONTAMINATED WITH BSE (BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY)
|
|
Prion Proteins in normal form
|
Alpha helix that may protect from toxic copper ions
|
|
Prion Proteins in Disease form
|
Beta pleated sheet
|
|
What limit cell size?
|
Cells surface to volume ratio and the time it takes molecules to diffuse across a cell membrane
|
|
All cells are bounded by
|
Plasma membrane
|
|
All cells are bounded by
|
Plasma membrane
|
|
Prokaryotic cells
|
Lack nuclei and other membrane enclosed organelles
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells
|
Have internal membranes that compartmentalize cellular function
|
|
Nucleus
|
Eukaryotes only, surrounded by nuclear envelope, has nuclear pores that regulate what goes in and out, houses chromosomes, ribosome subunits are made here
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
more than half the total membrane with eukaryotic cells, regulates protein traffic, lipids carbs and proteins are involed, sorts materials belonging to the cytoplasm form those that dont
|
|
Smooth ER
|
Synthesis of lipids, detox of drugs, calcium storage, metabolism of carbs
|
|
Rough ER
|
Synthesis of proteins from bound ribosomes, produces new membrane, adds carbs to proteins (glycoproteins), transmit to other cells
|
|
Lysosome
|
Breakdown of injection, work best in acidic environment
|
|
Vacuole
|
digestion, storage, waster, water balances, cell growth
|
|
Mitochandria
|
Eukaryotes only, 2 membranes, cellular respiration, generates ATP, lipids metabolize here, inherited by mother in humans
|
|
Chloroplast
|
3 membranes (inner, outer, thylaked) stroma, ribosomes, only in plants (photosynthesis)
|
|
endomembrane system
|
Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, smooth er, rough er, lysosome, vacuole
|
|
Golgi apparatus
|
eukaryotes only, modifications of proteins, carbs on proteins, and pholipids (disc shaped), components transported from ER to Golgi A
|
BIO 1201: Final Exam