279 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
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structural characteristics of bipolar neuron
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cell body with a nerve fiber arising from each end
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structural characteristics of unipolar neuron
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cell fiber with a single nerve fiber body that divides into 2 branches
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structural characteristics of multipolar neuron
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cell body with many nerve fibers, one of which is an axon
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location of a unipolar neuron
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in ganglia outside the brain or spinal chord
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location of bipolar neuron
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in specialized parts of eyes, nose, and ears
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location of multipolar neurons
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most common type of neuron in the brain and spinal chord
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the functional characteristics of a sensory neuron
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conducts nerve impulses from receptors in peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord
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the functional characteristics of interneuron
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transmits nerve pulses between neurons within the brain and spinal cord
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the functional characteristics of motor neuron
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conducts nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord out of effectors- muscles or glands
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the structural characteristics of sensory neuron
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most unipolar, some bipolar
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the structural characteristics of interneurons
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multipolar
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the structural characteristics of motor neurons
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multipolar
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Astrocytes
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star-shaped cells with many processes. protoplasmic astrocytes and fibrous astrocytes
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location of protoplasmic astrocytes
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in the gray matter of the CNS
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location of fibrous astrocytes
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found in the white matter of the CNS
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what is the functions of the astrocytes
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1. participate in the neurotransmitters and maintain the proper balance of potassium for generation of nerve impulses by CNS neurons
2. participate in brain development by assessing migration of neurons
3.provide a link between neurons and blood vessels
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Oligodendrocytes
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most common in glial cells in CNS; smaller than astrocytes with fewer processes
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what is the function of oligodendryocytes
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1. give support to the neurons in the CNS
2. produce myelin sheath around the axons of neurons
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What are the 4 cells in the CNS
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astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
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microglia
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small processes; derived from monocytes; normally stationary but may migrate to site of injury
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what is the function of the microglia
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engulf and destroy microbes and cellular debris in the CNS.
function as macrophages in the CNS
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Ependymal cells
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epithelial cells arranged in a single layer
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what is the function of the ependymal cells
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form a continuous epithelial lining for the ventricles of the brain. the central canal of the spinal cord.
probably assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in this area
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what are the two cells in peripheral nervous system
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neurolemmocytes (schwann cells)
and
satellite cells
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Neurolemmocytes
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flattened cells arranged around axons in PNS
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what is the function of neurolemmocytes
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1. produce myelin sheath around axons of PNS neurons
2. participate in repair processes after injury
3. produces the nerve growth factor
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satellite cells
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flattened cells arranged around the cell bodies of the neuron in the ganglia
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what is the function of satellite cells
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support neurons in ganglia of PNS
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dendrite
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receive stimuli, produce excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
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cell body
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receive stimuli produce ESPS and ISPS
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what is the function of the junction of axon
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integrate ESPS and ISPS, initiates nerve impulse
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Axon
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propagates (conducts) nerve impulses from initial segment in axon terminals
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axon terminal
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inflow of calcium ions, trigger neurotransmitter release by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
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functional class of nicotinic acetylcholine
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excitatory
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functional class of muscarinic acetylcholine
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excitatory or inhibitory
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functional class of norepinephrine/ epinephrine
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excitatory or inhibitory
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functional class of dopamine
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excitatory or inhibitory
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functional class of serotonin
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mainly inhibitory
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functional class of histamine
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excitatory or inhibitory
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functional class of GABA
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generally inhibitory
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functional class of glutamate
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generally excitatory
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functional class of glycine
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generally inhibitory
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functional class of endorphins
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generally inhibitory
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functional class of tachykinins
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excitatory
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functional class of somatostatin
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generally inhibitory
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functional class of cholecystokinin
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generally excitatory
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functional class of ATP
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excitatory or inhibitory
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functional class of adenosine
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generally inhibitory
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functional class of nitric oxide
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excitatory or inhibitory
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functional class of carbon monoxide
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excitatory or inhibitory
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functional class of endocannabinoids
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inhibitory
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location of acetylcholine
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between motor neuron and muscle cell
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function of NE/epinephrine
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increase heart rate during stress
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what are the effects of dopamine and serotonin
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affect sleep, mood, attention, and learning
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what does prozac do
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blocks the removal of serotonin from synaptic cleft
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GABA and alcohol
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alcohols is the most commonly used depressant and may increase the inhibitory effect of GABA
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what is repolarization
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an active process
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Sodium potassium pump eliminates...
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excess sodium ions
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refractory period
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the return to the polarized state
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saltatory conduction
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propagation of action potential along a myelinated fiber is from internode to internode
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All-or-none response
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occurs whenever a stimulus of threshold intensity is applied to fiber
all the impulse conducted on a fiber are of the same strength (not cause a larger impulse)
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the resting state
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no ions move through voltage-gated channels
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depolarization
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is caused by the sodium flowing into the cell
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repolarization
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caused by potassium flowing out of the cells
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what is the membrane potential when sodium gate closes
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30
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what is the threshold
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-70 mV
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what are the 4 main parts of the adult brain
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1. cerebral hemisphere (cerebrum)
2. diencephalon
3. brain stem
-midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
4.cerebellum
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what are the adult neural canal regions
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lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
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what part of brain is in lateral ventricles
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cerebrum-cerebral hemisphere (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
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what part of brain is in third ventricle
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diencephalon-thalamus, hypothalamus,and epithalamus
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what part of brain is in fourth ventricle
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brain stem: pons
CEREBELLUM
brain stem: medulla oblongata
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what contains the CSF
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ventricles
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what are the 4 major lobes of the brain
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frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
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gyrus
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elevated ridges of tissue
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sulcus
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shallowed grooves
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what makes up the diencephalon (inter brain)
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thalamus-interpret of senses
hypothalamus- regulation
epithalamus- formation of 3rd vent
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what makes up the brain stem
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midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
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Brain communicateswith body
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pair of inferior
pair of middle
pair of superior
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cortical gray matter function
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localizes and interprets sensory inputs
controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity
functions in intellectual and emotional processing
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basal nuclei (ganglia) function
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subcortical motor centers
help control skeletal muscle movements
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thalamus function
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relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation
relays impulses between cerebral motor cortex and lower (subcortical) motor centers, including cerebellum
involved in memory processing
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hypothalamusfunction
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-chief integration center of autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
-regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, and biological rhythms
-regulates hormonal output of anterior pituitary gland
-acts as an endocrine organ, producing posterior pituitary hormones ADH and…
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limbic system functions
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-includes cerebral and diencephalon structures
-mediates emotional responses
-involved in memory processing
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midbrain function
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-contains visual and auditory reflex centers
-contains subcortical motor centers
-contains nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV
-contains projection fibers
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pons function
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-relays information from the cerebrum to cerebellum
-cooperates with the medullary reparatory centers to control respiratory rate and depth
-contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII
-contains projection of fibers
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medulla oblongata functions
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-relays ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioreceptors
-contains visceral nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessels, respiratory rate...
-relays sensory information to the cerebellum
-contains nuclei of cranial nerves VIII-XII
-contains projection fibers
-site o…
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reticular formation function
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-mantains cerebral cortical alertness
-filters out repetitive stimuli
-helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity
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cerebellum function
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-processes information from cerebral motor cortex, proprioreceptors, and visual and equilibrium pathways
-provides "instruction" to cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers = smooth muscle movements
-responsible for proper balance and posture
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what makes up the limbic system
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amygdala
hypocampus
prefrontal cortex
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EEG-electroencephalogram
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take electric current to see brain activity
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what is the function of meninges
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cover brain and spinal cord
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what are the layers of the meninges
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1. dura mater (thickest)
2. arachnoid matter
3. pia matter
subarachnoid space-CSF- between 2 and 3
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what are the functions of the cerebral cortex neurons
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speech, memory, logical and emotional responses, consciousness, interpretation of sensation, voluntary movements
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Basal nuclei/ Basal ganglia
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these are several islands/ patches of gray matter, buried deep
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function of the basal nuclei/ basal ganglia
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they help to regulate voluntary motor activity (skeletal muscle)
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what makes up the diencephalon (inter brain)
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thalamus, hypothalamus,epithalamus
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thalamus
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station for sensory impulses, passing upward to the sensory cortex
WHERE INTERPRETATION OF THE SENSES IS DONE
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Hypothalamus
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important because play a role in:
regulation of body...temperature, water balance, metabolism
also it is the center for many drives and emotions...apetite, sex, thirst, pain, pleasure
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what makes up the brain stem?
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midbrain, pons, medula oblongata
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what is the function of the brain stem
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1. provides a pathway for ascending and descending tracts
2. control of vital activities ex: breathing/ BP
3. controls consciousness and awake/ sleep pattern by neurons of reticular formation
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what happens if you damage a neuron
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COMA
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Cerebellum helps with what
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provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity
controls balance and equilibrium (keeps body movement smooth and coordinated) by controlling: skeletal muscles, tendons, inner ear, eye
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how does cerebellum communicate with other parts of the CNS
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three pairs of nerve tracts called cerebellar peduncles
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what are the 3 pairs of nerve tracts in the cerebellar peduncles
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1. a pair of inferior peduncle
2. a pair of middle peduncle
3. a pair of superior peduncle
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ventricles contain...
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CSF
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the cerebral hemisphere is separated by what direction fissures
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longitudinal fissures
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what are the 4 major lobes in cerebral hemisphere
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frontal (x2)
parietal (x2)
occipital (x2)
temporal (x2)
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what are the 4 major fissures in cerebral hemisphere
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1. longitudinal
2. central- frontal/parietal (x2)
3. peri-occipital (x2)
4. lateral fissure- temporal/ all 3 lobes (x2)
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what is important in diencephalon
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motor coordination
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hypothalamus is also known as
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emotional-visceral brain
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epithalamus forms the roof of....
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the third ventricle
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epithalamus contains:
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pineal body gland
choroid plexus
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where is the pineal body (gland) located
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endocrine system
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where is CSF formed
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choroid plexus
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how long is the brain stem
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size of the thumb, 3 inches long
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cerebellum size, shape, and hemisphere
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large like cauliflower
2 hemispheres
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cerebellum composed primarily of what....
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white matter with a thin layer of gray matter--cerebellar cortex
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frontal lobes
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controls movements of voluntary skeletal muscles
intellectual processes such as planning, complex problem solving and judging the consequences of behavior
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parietal lobes
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responsible for the sensations of temperature, touch, pressure and pain involving the skin
understanding speech, using the words to express thoughts and feelings
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temporal lobes
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responsible for healing
experiences and remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns
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occipital lobes
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responsible for vision
combine visual images with other sensory experiences
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peripheral nervous system consists of...
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branches from the CNS
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how many pairs of cranial nerves are in PNS
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12 pairs
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how many pairs on spinal nerves are in PNS
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31 pairs
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what organs does the somatic NS effect
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skeletal muscles and skin
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what is involved in the somatic nervous system
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conscious activity (voluntary NS)
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neurotransmitter released by somatic NS
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acetylcholine
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pattern of somatic NS pathway
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1 motor neuron (only inside the CNS)
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organ effected by autonomic NS
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smooth and cardiac muscles
glands/viscera
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autonomic NS involves
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unconscious activity
(involuntary)
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neurotransmitter released by autonomic NS
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acetylcholine
epinephrine
norepinephrine
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affect of autonomic NS
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stimulatory or inhibitory
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acetylcholine is a ______ in autonomic NS
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stimulatory
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epinephrine/norepinephrine affect in autonomic NS
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inhibitory
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pattern of autonomic nervous system pathway
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two motor neurons (inside and outside CNS)
presence of preganglionic axon and postganglionic axon
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sympathetic nervous system active during
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emergency
stress
fear
threat
exercise
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fight, flight, and fright response part of
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sympathetic nervous system
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nerves involved in sympathetic nervous system
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in between T1 and L2
thoraco-lumbar or adrenergic system
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parasympathetic NS active during
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under ordinary, restful conditions
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nerves involved in parasympathetic NS
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cranial nerves and S2 and S4 nerves-- craniosacral or cholinergic system
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normal volume of CSF
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150 mL
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normal pressure of CSF
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50-150 mmHg
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spinal meninges and subarachnoid space include
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pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid mater
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white columns in spinal cord include
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dorsal funiclus, ventral funiculus, and lateral funiculus
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gray matter in spinal cord include
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gray commissure, dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn
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cauda equina
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the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
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dorsal white column--fasciculus gracilis, fascicles cuneatus _________ tract
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ascending
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dorsal spinocerebellar tract ______
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ascending
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ventral spinocerebellar tract _____
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ascending
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lateral spinothalmic tract ______
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ascending
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ventral spinothalmic tract _____
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ascending
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lateral reticuospinal tract _____
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descending
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lateral corticospinal tract _____
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descending
|
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rubrospinal tract _____
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descending
|
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medial reticulospinal tract ____
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descending
|
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ventral corticospianl tract _____
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descending
|
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vestibulospinal tract ____
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descending
|
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tectospinal tract
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descending
|
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what is structure of nerve
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1. axon
2. endoneurium
3. perineurium
4. epineurium
|
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cranial nerve I and function
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olfactory
sensory--smell
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cranial nerve II and function
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optic
sensory--vision
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cranial nerve III and function
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oculomotor
motor
parasympathetic
|
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cranial nerve IV and function
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trochlear
motor
|
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cranial nerve V and function
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trigeminal
sensory and motor
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cranial nerve VI and function
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abducens
motor
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cranial nerve VII and function
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facial
sensory, motor, and parasympathetic
|
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cranial nerve VIII and function
|
vestibulocochlear
sensory--hearing and balance and some motor function
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cranial nerve IX and function
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glossopharyngeal
sensory-taste, motor, and parasympathetic
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cranial nerve X and function
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vagus
sensory--taste, motor, and parasympathetic
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cranial nerve XI and function
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accessory
motor
|
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cranial nerve XII and function
|
hypoglossal
motor
|
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Location of olfactory nerves
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runs beneath frontal lobe to enter cerebral hemisphere and terminates in primary olfactory cortex
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function of olfactory nerves
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purely sensory; carry afferent impulses for smell
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location of optic nerves
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enter thalamus and synapse there--thalamic fibers run to occipital cortex and interpretation occurs
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function of optic nerves
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purely sensory; carry impulses for vision
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location of oculomotor nerves
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ventral midbrain and go to eye
|
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function of oculomotor nerves
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motor nerve; has a few proprioreceptor afferents
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proprioreceptors in oculomotor nerves : somatic
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-somatic nerve fibers to 5 out of 8 of the eye muscles and help direct eyeball and raise upper eyelid
|
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proprioreceptors in oculomotor nerves: parasympathetic
|
-parasympathetic motor fibers cause pupil to constrict and controls lens shape
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proprioreceptors oculomotor nerves: sensory
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run eye muscles from extrinsic eye muscle to midbrain
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location of trochlear nerves
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dorsal midbrain
|
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function of trochlear nerves
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motor nerves; supply somatic nerve fibers to eye muscle
|
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location of trigeminal nerves
|
largest cranial nerve from pons to face with 3 divisions:
1. ophthalmic - Pons
2. maxillary - pons
3. mandibular - foramen ovale
|
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function of ophthalmic division in trigeminal
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sensory impulses from skin of anterior scalp, upper eyelid, and nose from nasal cavity, cornea, and lacrimal gland
|
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function of maxillary division in trigeminal
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sensory impulses from nasal cavity, palate, upper teeth, skin of cheek, upper lip, and eyelod
|
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function of mandibular division in trigeminal
|
sensory impulses from anterior tounge, lower teeth, skin of chin, temporal region of scalp.
supplies motor fibers to muscles of mastification
|
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location of abducen nerves
|
inferior pons and run to eye
|
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function of abducens nerves
|
motor; supply motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle ( eye).
convey proprioreceptors impulses from same muscle to brain
|
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location of facial nerves
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from pons just lateral to abducens nerve. enter temporal bone and runs within bone to lateral aspect of face
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function of facial nerves
|
mixed nerves; chief nerve of face and 5 major branches
|
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what are the 5 major branches of facial nerves
|
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical
|
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location of vestibulocochlear nerves
|
enter brain stem at pons-medulla border
|
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function of vestibulocochlear nerves
|
PURELY SENSORY
vestibular branch-transmit impulses for equilibrium
cochlear branch- transmit impulses for sense of hearing
|
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location of glossopharyngeal nerves
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medulla
run to throat
|
|
function of glossopharyngeal nerves
|
mixed nerves that innervate part of tongue and pharynx.
-help with swallowing and salivating
-sensory fibers help with taste and general sensory impulses from pharynx and posterior tongue
|
|
location of vagus nerve
|
only cranial nerves to extend beyond head and neck region
emerge from medulla and go through neck to thorax and ab region
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|
function of vagus nerves
|
mixed nerves
motor nerves are parasympathetic efferents except those serving skeletal muscles of pharynx and larynx
PARA: supply lungs and regulate digestive activity ; transmit sensory impulses from taste buds; carry proprioreceptors from muscles of larynx and pharynx
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location of accessory nerves
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lateral aspect of medulla and brain stem
|
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function of accessory nerves
|
mixed nerves but primarily motor
cranial division joins with fibers of vagus nerves to supply motor fibers to larynx, pharynx, and soft palatal.
spinal root supplies motor fibers that together move head and neck and convey proprioreceptors impulses from same muscles
|
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location of hypoglossal nerves
|
senses of root from medulla
|
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function of hypoglossal nerves
|
mixed nerves; primarily motor
carry motor fibers to muscles of tongues and proprioreceptors to brain stem.
control tongue movements
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spinal nerves
|
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
tiny coccygeal nerves
|
|
pairs of cervical spinal nerves
|
8
(C1-C8)
|
|
pairs of thoracic nerves
|
12
(T1 - T12)
|
|
pairs of lumbar nerves
|
5
(L1-L5)
|
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pairs of sacral nerves
|
5
(S1 - S5)
|
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pair of tiny coccygeal nerves
|
1
Co1
|
|
5 components of reflex arcs
|
1. receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. integration center
4. motor neuron
5. effector
|
|
reflexes
|
autonomic, subconscious response to changes within or outside the body
- help mantain homeostasis by controlling many involuntary processes such as HR, BR, and BP
- may be spinal or cranial and somatic or visceral
|
|
cervical plexus
|
C1- C5
|
|
cutaneous branches (superficial) of the cervical plexus
|
lesser occipital
greater auricular
transverse cervical
supraclavicular (medial, intermediate, and lateral)
|
|
motor branches (deep) of cervical plexus
|
ansa cervicalis
segmental and other muscular branches
phrenic
|
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branches of the brachial plexus
|
C5 - T1
|
|
musculocutaneous
|
brachial plexus
|
|
median
|
brachial plexus
|
|
ulnar
|
brachial plexus
|
|
radial
|
brachial plexus
|
|
axillary
|
brachial plexus
|
|
dorsal scapular
|
brachial plexus
|
|
long thoracic
|
brachial plexus
|
|
subscapular
|
brachail plexus
|
|
suprascapular
|
brachial plexus
|
|
pectoral (lateral and medial)
|
brachial plexus
|
|
branches of the lumbar plexus
|
L1 - L4
|
|
femoral
|
lumbar plexus
|
|
obturator
|
lumbar plexus
|
|
lateral femoral cutaneous
|
lumbar plexus
|
|
iliohypogastric
|
lumbar plexus
|
|
ilioinguinal
|
lumbar plexus
|
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genitofemoral
|
lumbar plexus
|
|
branches of sacral plexus
|
L4- S4
|
|
sciatic nerve
|
sacral plexus
|
|
tibial
|
sacral plexus
|
|
common fibular
|
sacral plexuss
|
|
superior gluteal
|
sacral plexus
|
|
inferior gluteal
|
sacral plexus
|
|
posterior femoral cutaneous
|
sacral plexus
|
|
pudendal
|
sacral plexus
|
|
difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system
|
autonomic- lightly myelinated. sympathetic use NE and parasympathetic use ACh
somatic- heavily myelinated, use ACh
|
|
PS effect on eye (iris)
|
stimulates sphincter pupillae muscles; constricts pupils
|
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SE on eye (iris)
|
stimulates dilator pupillae muscles; dilates pupils
|
|
PS effects on eye (ciliary muscles)
|
stimulates muscles, makes lens bulge
|
|
S effects on eye (ciliary muscle)
|
weakly inhibits muscles; flattens lens
|
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PS effects on glands
|
stimulates secretory activity
|
|
S effects on glands
|
inhibits secretory activity; constricts blood vessels
|
|
PS effects on salivary glands
|
stimulates secretion of saliva
|
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S effects on salivary glands
|
stimulates secretion of thick viscous saliva
|
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PS effects on sweat glands
|
no effect
|
|
S effect on sweat galnds
|
stimulates copious sweatin
|
|
PS effects on adrenal medulla
|
no effect
|
|
S effect on adrenal medulla
|
stimulates medulla cells to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
|
PS effects on arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicles
|
no effect
|
|
S effect on arrector pili
|
stimulates constriction---goosebumps
|
|
PS effects on heart (muscle)
|
decrease rate; slows heart
|
|
S effect on heart (muscle)
|
increase rate and force of heart beat
|
|
PS effect on heart (coronary blood vessels)
|
no effect
|
|
S effect on heart (coronary blood vessels)
|
dilates blood vessels (vasodilation)
|
|
Ps effect on urinary bladder
|
contracts smooth muscle of bladder; relaxes urethral spincter; promotes voiding
|
|
S effect on urinary bladder
|
relaxes smooth muscle of bladder; constricts urethral sphincter; inhibits voiding
|
|
PS effect on lungs
|
constricts bronchioles
|
|
S effect on lung
|
dilates bronchioles
|
|
PS effect on digestive tract organs
|
increases motility and amount of secretion; allow food to move
|
|
S effect on digestive tract organs
|
decreases activity
|
|
PS effect on liver
|
increase glucose uptake from blood
|
|
S effect on liver
|
stimulates release of glucose to blood
|
|
PS effect on gallbladder
|
excites
|
|
S effect on gallbladder
|
inhibits
|
|
PS effect on kidney
|
no effect
|
|
S effect on kindey
|
promotes renin release; decreases urine output
|
|
PS effect on penis
|
erection
|
|
S effect on penis
|
ejaculatoin
|
|
PS effect on vagina/clitoris
|
erection of clit; increase lubrication
|
|
S effect on vagina/ clitoris
|
cause vagina to contract
|
|
PS effect on blood vessel
|
little to none
|
|
S effect on blood vessels
|
constrict blood vessels and increases blood pressure
|
|
PS effect on blood coagulation
|
no effect
|
|
S effect on blood coagulation
|
increase coagulation
|
|
PS effect on cellular metabolism
|
no effect
|
|
S effect on cellular metabolism
|
increases metabolism rate
|
BIOL 243: Exam 2