Kidney FunctionsSlide 2The urinary systemExternal Gross AnatomyKidney AnatomyInternal Gross AnatomyInternal Anatomy: Urine PassagewaysFigure 25.3 Internal anatomy of the kidney.Slide 9Blood and Nerve SupplyArterial blood flowKidney microcirculationSlide 13Venous blood flowPowerPoint PresentationNephronsNephronRenal Corpuscle: 2 componentsSlide 19Renal Tubule: 3 partsRenal Tubule: PCTRenal Tubule: Loop of HenleRenal Tubule: DCTCollecting Ducts: 2 cell typesClasses of NephronsNephron Capillary: GlomerulusNephron Capillary: PeritubularNephron Capillary: Vasa rectaJuxtaglomerular Complex (JGC)Juxtaglomerular CellsSlide 31Slide 32Figure 25.8 Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) of a nephron.Kidney Physiology: Urine FormationSlide 35Slide 36Figure 25.9 A schematic, uncoiled nephron showing the three major renal processes that adjust plasma composition.Glomerular FiltrationThe Filtration Membrane: porousGlomerular capillaries and the visceral layer of the glomerular capsuleFigure 25.10b The filtration membrane.Figure 25.10c The filtration membrane.The Filtration Membrane: regulatoryPositive Pressures That Affect FiltrationNegative Pressures That Affect FiltrationFigure 25.11 Forces determining net filtration pressure (NFP).Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)Regulation of Glomerular FiltrationRegulation of GFR: Intrinsic ControlsIntrinsic Controls: Myogenic MechanismIntrinsic Controls: Tubuloglomerular Feedback MechanismExtrinsic Controls: Sympathetic ANSExtrinsic Controls: Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone MechanismTubular ReabsorptionActive Tubular Reabsorption of SodiumActive Reabsorption of Nutrients, IonsPassive Tubular Reabsorption of WaterPassive Tubular Reabsorption of SolutesTransport MaximumReabsorptive Capabilities: PCTReabsorptive Capabilities: Nephron loopReabsorptive Capabilities: DCT and Collecting DuctsTubular Secretion: PCTSlide 64Regulation: Urine Concentration, VolumeCountercurrent MechanismCountercurrent Mechanism: FunctionMedullary Osmotic GradientCountercurrent Multiplier: Nephron LoopSlide 70Slide 71The Countercurrent Exchanger: Vasa rectaUrine Concentration and volumeOverhydrationDehydrationDiureticsClinical Evaluation of Kidney FunctionHomeostatic ImbalancePhysical Characteristics of UrineChemical Composition of UrineUrine transport: UretersFigure 25.19 Cross-sectional view of the ureter wall (10x).Homeostatic Imbalance: Renal calculiUrine Storage: Urinary BladderUrinary BladderUrethral characteristicsFemale Urinary Bladder & UrethraMale Urinary Bladder and UrethraMicturitionInnervation of the Bladder & UrethraMicturition in InfantsMicturition control© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Kidney Functions•Regulate total water volume•Regulate total solute concentration in H2O•Regulate ECF (interstitial fluid) ion concentrations•Long-term acid-base balance•Removal of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Kidney Functions•Endocrine functions–Renin - regulation of blood pressure–Erythropoietin - regulation of RBC production•Activation of vitamin D•Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.The urinary systemAdrenal glandKidneyUreterUrinarybladderUrethraExternal Gross Anatomy© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Hilum (concave)Renal capsule Leads to sinusRenal arteryRenal veinUreter Lateral convex side© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Kidney Anatomy•Retroperitoneal; superior lumbar region•Layers of surrounding supportive tissue–Renal fascia •Dense fibrous CT; functions as anchor–Perirenal fat capsule •Adipose tissue; protects from trauma–Fibrous capsule•Isolates; prevents spread of infection to kidney© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Internal Gross Anatomy•Renal cortex (Filtration, reabsorption)–Granular-appearing, lighter superficial region–Renal columns•Deep cortical extensions•Renal medulla (Reabsorption, secretion)–Medullary (renal) pyramids•Dark, cone-shaped structures•Separated by renal columns•Lobes (8)–1 renal pyramid & surrounding cortical tissue© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Internal Anatomy: Urine Passageways •Renal papilla–Apex of the pyramid–Urine drips from all collecting ducts•Minor calyces–Collect urine from papillae•Major calyces–Collect urine from minor calyces •Renal pelvis–Collect urine from major calyces•Ureter© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 25.3 Internal anatomy of the kidney.RenalhilumRenal cortexRenal medullaPapilla ofpyramidRenal pyramid Renal columnDiagrammatic viewPhotograph of right kidney, frontal section© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 25.3 Internal anatomy of the kidney.RenalhilumMajor calyxPapilla ofpyramidRenal pelvisMinor calyxUreterRenal pyramid Diagrammatic viewPhotograph of right kidney, frontal section© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Blood and Nerve Supply•Renal arteries deliver 1200 ml/min–1/4 of cardiac output•Renal artery and vein•Renal plexus – sympathetic fibers© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Arterial blood flowCortical radiatearteryInterlobar arterySegmental arteriesRenal arteryArcuate arteryFrontal section illustrating major blood vesselsKidney microcirculation•Glomerular capillaries–Filtration into capsular space (Bowman’s Capsule)•Water•Nutrients•Electrolytes•Wastes•Everything except cells, large molecules•Peritubular capillaries–Receive reabsorbed nutrients, H2O, etc…•Vasa recta–Concentrate the urine© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Kidney microcirculation© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Arcuate artery/veinCortical radiate artery/veinGlomerular capillariesFed by afferent arterioleDrained by efferent arteriolePeritubular capillariesReceive reabsorbed nutrientsFiltration Vasa recta Concentrate urine© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Venous blood flowCortical radiatevein Arcuate veinInterlobar veinRenal veinFrontal section illustrating major blood vessels© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Aorta Renal artery Segmental artery Interlobar artery Arcuate artery Cortical radiate artery Afferent arteriole Glomerulus (capillaries)Efferent arteriole Inferior vena cava Renal veinInterlobar veinArcuate veinCortical radiate veinPeritubularcapillariesor vasa recta(b) Path of blood flow through renal blood vessels© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Nephrons•Structural and functional unit–Form urine•> 1 million per kidney•Two main parts–Renal corpuscle–Renal tubuleNephronStructural and functional unit•Renal corpuscle–Glomerulus–Bowman’s capsule•Renal tubule–PCT–Loop of