BIO 243 1st EditionLecture 3Outline of Last Lecture II. Anatomical PositioningIII. Basic Chemistrya. Matterb. Energyc. ElementsOutline of Current Lecture d. Biochemistryi. Inorganic moleculesii. Organic molecules1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. ProteinsCurrent LectureI. Biochemistrya. Study of molecules that contribute to lifeb. Inorganic moleculesi. Do not have carbonii. H2O1. 60-80% of living things2. High heat capacitya. Prevents sudden changes in temp3. High heat of vaporization4. Solvent for positive and negatively charged molecules5. Reactivitya. Important reactant in the body6. Cushioninga. For the brainOrganic Molecules 1. Has Carbon a. carbon forms covalent bonds (strong) b. can form bonds with four other atoms (complex) 2.Carbohydrates a. Sugars and starchesb. Contain C, H, and O - 1:2:1 ratio usually c. Three classes - monosaccharides *simplest carbohydrates *ring or chain structure *3 - 7 carbons * glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose (DNA), ribose (RNA) - disaccharides *two monosaccharides *sucrose= glucose + fructose, maltose= glucose, lactose = galactose + glucose * formed in a dehydration chemical reaction in the body - polysaccharides * long chains of monosaccharides * glycogen = long polymer of glucose (in liver & muscle: animals) * starch = long polymer of glucose (in plants) d. Functions - energy and energy storage - structural 3. Lipids a. Defined by solubility - organic molecules that are insoluble in water - non polar - soluble in organic solvents *oils b. Neutral fats (Triglycerides) - comprised of glycerol and fatty acids - Fatty acids *saturated (BAD FOR HEALTH) - contains only single bonds - found in animal fats - solid at room temperature *unsaturated - have some double bonds- found in oils- liquid at room temperature - fatty acids can be hydrogenated which removes some double bonds which makes them more like a solid *sometimes during hydrogenation instead of being in CIS confirmation molecules can be in TRANS confirmation (BAD FOR HEALTH)- Functions *energy storage *insulation *protection against organ trauma c. Phospholipids - PO4 group (polar head) + glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains (non polar tail) - found in membranes - forms a phospholipid bilayer in water d. Steroids - derived from cholesterol backbones *essential for various membranes * too much cholesterol is bad - sex hormones *estrogen - ovaries *testosterone - testes 4. Proteins (REALLY important) a. polymers of amino acids - basic structure of amino acid H R O | | ||N - C - C -OH | |H H - 20 living R groups - linked together in a dehydration reaction * peptide bonds * bond connects the last C of 1 AA to the N of the next AA by removing an H and -OH - vary in length and order b. Structure of proteins - ESSENTIAL TO PROTEIN FUNCTION * ex.) Sickle cell occurs when one amino acid is changed in blood cells - primary structure * sequence or order of amino acids * list the names of amino acids L to R - secondary structure * structure of a region of a polypeptide - polypeptide is 1 protein chain * forms -spirals (alpha - helix) held together by Hydrogen bonds-pleated sheets (beta - sheets) -tertiary structure *overall 3D shape of 1 polypeptide chain *very specific *function of a protein is dependent of tertiary structure -Quaternary structures * arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains in proteins * forms a functional protein - Denatured proteins * loss of structure * can occur by heat, changing pH, * can be sensitive to denaturing or very stable c. Types of proteins - structural proteins *long, fibrous, insoluble in water *collagen - in bone, skin, and hair *keratin - skin and hair - functional proteins *globular: hormones, antibodies (recognize things that are not ourselves), and