BIOL 243 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Last Lecture I. No previous outlinesOutline of Current Lecture II. Anatomy and PhysiologyA. TerminologyB. Levels of OrganizationIII. Maintenance of lifea. Eight ways to maintain lifeb. HomeostasisCurrent LectureI. Anatomy and Physiologya. Physiologyi. Function of body partsb. Anatomyi. Structure and relationships of/in the bodyii. Gross – large, you can see with the eyeiii. Microscopic1. Histology-study of tissues2. Cytology-study of cells3. Systemic – study of body systemsc. Levels of Organizationi. Chemical1. Atoms: C,N,O2. Moleculesa. Proteinsb. Nucleic acidsc. Carbohydratesd. Lipids3. Cellsa. Basic unit of organization in living organismsb. Virusesi. Not aliveii. Need host cells to survivec. Bacteriai. Aliveii. Do not need cells to growThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. Tissuesa. Groups of similar types of cellsb. Epithelial Tissuei. Covers the bodyii. Lines organs and cavitiesiii. Skin, insides of vessels and digestive trackiv. 3 shapes1. Cuboidal – like dice2. Columnar – like bricks3. Squamous – like floor tiles4. Stratified – multiple layers5. Simple – single layer c. Muscular Tissuei. Cardiac 1. Contraction of the heartii. Skeletal 1. Striated2. Responsible for voluntary movementiii. Smooth1. Responsible for involuntary movement2. Digestive track d. Nervous i. Sense, stimuli, and transmits signals throughout thecellii. Brain, spinal chord, various nerves and neuronse. Connectivei. Bonds and supports other tissueii. Sparsely packed cells throughout the extracellular matrixiii. 6 major types1. Loose a. Holds organs in place2. Cartilage3. Adiposea. Stores fat for insulation and food4. Blood5. Bone6. Fibrousa. Collagenous – provide strength and flexibilityb. Elastic – stretch and snap back to their original lengthc. Reticular – connect tissue to adjacent tissueII. Maintenance of Lifea. Maintenance of boundariesi. Skin protects from outside elementsii. Cell membrane keeps organelles inside the cellb. Movementi. Muscles move blood, food, etc. throughout the bodyc. Responsivenessi. Sense changes in environmentii. Nervous and endocrine systemd. Digestioni. Breaking down of ingested moleculese. Metabolismi. All chemical reactions in the bodyii. Catabolism1. Break down of moleculesiii. Anabolism1. Synthesis of molecules 2. Proteins and RNAiv. Excretion1. Removal of body waste2. Sweat, urine, breathing, fecesv. Reproduction f. Homeostasisi. The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditionsii. Examples1. Calcium levels in the blood, temperature2. Dynamic state of equilibrium (a lot going on)3. Nervous and endocrine systemiii. Control pathways 1. Mechanismsa. Set point serves as a stimulusb. Stimulus’ are detected by a sensorc. Sensor triggers a responsed. Stimulus efferent pathway effector (initiates response) control center (nervous and endocrine systems) e. Stimulus afferent pathway receptor control center2. Negative feedbacka. Returns variable to a normal rangeb. Output decreases3. Positive feedbacka. Amplifies a stimulusb. Does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animalsc. Ex.) blood clotting and enhancement of labor
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