BIO 243 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Anatomy and Physiologya. Terminologyb. Levels of OrganizationII. Maintenance of lifea. Eight ways to maintain lifeb. HomeostasisOutline of Current Lecture III. Anatomical PositioningIV. Basic Chemistrya. Matterb. Energyc. ElementsCurrent LectureI. Anatomical Positioninga. Anatomical position - standing with palms facing forwardb. Prone – laying downc. Supine – facing upd. Cranial/Superior – toward the heade. Caudal/inferior – away from the headf. Ventral/anterior – towards the frontg. Dorsal/posterior – towards the backh. Medial – towards the middlei. Lateral – towards the outsidej. Proximal – closer toward the origink. Distal – farther from the originl. Superficial - at the surfacem. Internal – insiden. Body partsi. Cephalic1. Faceii. Cervical1. Neckiii. Thoracic1. Chestiv. Abdominal1. Abdomen v. Pelvic1. Pelvisvi. Pubic1. Genitalvii. Upper limb1. Arm (brachial)2. Forearm (ante brachial)viii. Lower limb1. Thigh (femoral)2. Leg (crural)o. Body Planesi. Sagittal plane – divides body into right and lefii. Frontal plane – divides body into anterior and posterioriii. Transverse plane – divides body into superior and inferiorp. Body Cavitiesi. Dorsal cavity1. Cranial – brain2. Vertebral – spinal chord ii. Ventral body Cavity1. Thoracic cavitya. Pericardial – heartb. Pleural – lungs, large blood vesselsc. Superior mediastinum2. Abdomino-Pelvic Cavitya. Liver, stomach, pancreas, bladder, reproductive organs3. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavity II. Basic Chemistrya. Matteri. Has massii. Occupies spacesb. Energyi. Capacity to do workii. Puts matter into motioniii. 2 components1. Potential energya. Structure and positionb. Rock on a hill has a lot of PE2. Kinetic Energya. Movementb. Heat – the hotter the temperature the faster the molecules are moving3. Various formsa. Chemicali. Stored in bondsb. Electricali. Movement of charged particlesc. Mechanicali. Movement of matterii. Ex.) Moving your armd. Radiant/electromagnetici. Light wavese. There is energy conversions within the bodyc. Elementsi. O,N,Cii. Cannot be broken down by ordinary meansiii. Atoms1. Smallest part of an element2. Does not keep same chemical propertiesiv. Made of protons, neutrons, and electrons1. Number of p = number of ev. Isotopes1. Different number of neutrons2. Radioisotopes = unstablea. Important in medicinevi. Nucleus1. P + n2. Planetary modela. P and n in the nucleusb. Electrons go around the nucleus in an orbital 3. Orbital modela. More accurateb. Shows energy level and electron cloudvii. Reactivity1. Function of number of electrons on the valence shell2. Inerta. Out shell is full b. Noble gases3. Reactivea. Outer shell is incompleteviii. Bonds1. Ionic bondsa. Complete transfer of electrons from 1 atom to anotherb. Generates charged particles (ions)2. Covalent bondsa. Sharing of electronsb. Forms single, double, and triple bondsc. Generate nonpolar covalent bondsi. Equal sharing of electronsd. Polar covalent bondsi. Unequal sharing of electronsii. Wateriii. Regions of positive and negative chargee. Hydrogen bondsi. Bonds between H-F,N,Oii. Already in a positive polar