BIO 243 1st EditionLecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Biochemistrya. Inorganic moleculesb. Organic moleculesi. Carbohydratesii. Lipidsiii. ProteinsOutline of Current Lecture II.Proteins ctda.EnzymesIII.Nucleic Acidsa.Nucleotidesb.DNAc.RNAd.ATPIV.Cellsa.OrganellesCurrent Lecture1. Enzymes in proteinsa. Biological catalystsb. Regulates and accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction without being used upc. Specificd. Reduce/lower the energy of activation i. Energy of activation1. The amount of energy required to initiate a rxne. Substrate i. Reactantii. What drives the reactionf. Active sitei. Place on the enzyme where the substrate will bindii. Very specificg. 4 stepsi. Substrates binds to the enzyme at the active siteii. Internal rearrangement 1. Bond is formed2. Energy is absorbed and water is released forming a peptidebondiii. Product is released1. Once the product is released the enzyme then returns to its original shape and is available to catalyze another reaction2. Nucleic Acidsa. DNA and RNAb. Nucleotides i. Nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate groupii. Nitrogenous base1. Adenine – paired with T and U 2. Thymine – only in DNA 3. Uracil – only in RNA 4. Guanine – paired with C5. Cytosine – paired with Giii. Paired with a sugar1. Ribose in RNA a. Has one more OH group2. Deoxyribose in DNA iv. Phosphate group v. Nucleotides are link together by a phosphodiester bond 1. Connected at the phosphate groupvi. Sugar phosphate back bonec. DNAi. Double helixii. Genetic material iii. Two strands are held together by hydrogen bondsiv. Base pairing1. A = T2. G = Cd. RNA i. Usually single strandedii. Involved in decoding the information in DNAe. ATPi. Nucleotideii. Energy currency in a cell1. Breaking down of ATP  ADP + P releases energy 2. Energy uses of ATPa. Transports proteins up a concentration gradientb. Drives muscle contractionc. Phosphorylates reactants so that they have more energy that the products so the reaction can go forwardiii. Adenine + Ribose + 3 phosphate groupsiv. ADP1. Adenine + ribose + 2 phosphate groupsv. AMP1. Adenine + ribose + 1 phosphate 3. Cells a. Basic structure and functional unit of living things b. Cells differ because of the proteins that make them upc. Organellesi. All things in the cellii. Mitochondria1. Two membrane organelle2. Power house of the cell3. Converts glucose into ATP a. Glucose + O_2_  CO_2_ + H_2_O + Energyb. This energy is then used to convert ADP into ATP4. Have their own DNA a. Codes for less than 10 enzymes compared to 25-30000 in the nucleus5. Apoptosisa. Programmed cell deathb. Occurs when cells are