PSYC 107: EXAM 3
139 Cards in this Set
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prenatal development:
stage 1
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zygote (fertilized egg)
-2 week period of rapid cell division (undifferentiated)
-ends with implantation to uterine wall
-over half do not successfully implant
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prenatal development:
stage 2
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embryo
-human organism from 2wks through 8wks
-begins with implantation to the uterine wall
-placenta and major organs form, heart beats, liver makes red blood cells
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prenatal development:
stage 3
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fetus
-8wks after conception to birth
-rapid growth of brain and body in final 3 months
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critical periods (nurture)
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development stages when environmental influences have the most impact
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teratogen
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factor (e.g. chemicals, viruses) that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause birth defects
-any physical thing that can affect fetus or developing embryo
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nicotine
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-teratogen
-low birth weight, learning disabilities
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during critical periods, cells
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are proliferating most rapidly
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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-physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking (5+ drinks per day)
*alcohol is teratogen
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symptoms of FAS
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-facial misproportions, mental retardation, behavior problems
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thalidomide
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-drug for morning sickness/nausea
-caused deformed babies
-if taken while CNS is developing, it will affect CNS (true for anything else that's developing)
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cells are most vulnerable when
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they're proliferating
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nature
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the idea that genetic endowment determines everything about you
*genetics
-genetics determine your potential
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nurture
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how you were treated, what you learn, environment, experience: determine everything about you
*experience, environment, learning
-how much potential you realize
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nature and
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...
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heritability
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-traits psychological and physical
-how much of a trait is determined by genetics and how much id determined by environment/experience
-the more determined by genetics, the more heritability
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monozygotic twins
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identical twins
-one zygote splits into two separate but identical masses of cells
-each develops into a separate embryo
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dizygotic twins
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fraternal twins
-two eggs are separately fertilized by different sperm
-each develops into a separate zygote, then a separate embryo
-average: share half the genes
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schema
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-cognitive structure
-description of a concept, very general
-we develop them
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equilibration
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intellectually/cognitively adapting to one's world (environment)
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accommodation
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-creating or extending a schema
*form something new
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assimilation
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using an existing schema
*doesn't form anything new
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stages vs. continuous development
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stages- qualitative
continuous development- quantitative
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1. sensorimotor
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(0-2)
-movement and manipulation
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2. preoperational
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(2-6)
primitive concepts
-object permanence
-single words (single word represents a single schema)
-ecocentrism
-theory of mind
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object permanence
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refers to the idea that you know an object exists when it isn't there
-if you can't see the object and then start to look for it you're developing this
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ecocentrism
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"self centered"
-only have your own perspective, can't take on another person's point of view
-don't realize that other people have their own mind and private thoughts
-learn extremely fast
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theory of mind
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-age 4 1/2
-children understand that people have their own minds and thoughts
(crayons vs. bandaids)
-children learn how to lie when they develop this
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3. concrete operational
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(6-11)
rules
-rules of everything, grade school, schema that represents what rules are
-conservation: test to see if a child has moved to this stage (which row has more pennies)
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4. formal operational
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(11+)
abstract
-schemas you learn are more abstract: justice, equality, remorse
-hypothetical reasoning (prediction of the future--if i do this, then this will happen)
*pic on phone
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cognitive and moral
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...
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longitudinal studies
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observe the same person over and over throughout years
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adult development
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stage-crisis
1.independence
2.marriage
3.parenthood
4.career
5.mid-life crisis
6.post-parental
7.separation distress
8.old age
9.death
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mid life crisis
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looking forward to the future and looking back at the past at the same time and it doesn't fit
*resolve= big change, readjust goals
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personality
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individual differences
-how people differ at the individual level
-an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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does personality change?
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stays mostly the same throughout life
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the psychoanalytic perspective
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aka psychodynamic, freud's theory
-unconscious motivations influence personality
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psychoanalysis
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-freud
-attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
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psychoanalysis says people are motivated by
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sex and aggression, but they repress those motivations from consciousness, causing conflict
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Freud defines "sex" as
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anything that gives you pleasure, doesn't have to be sexual
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treatment interprets unconscious conflicts
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free association-used to look for patterns
dream interpretation-100% unconscious, pay attention to dreams, develop symbols
jokes-humor involves feeling uncomfortable about a theme (if you make jokes about sex, you're uncomfortable with it bc its what's consuming you)
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too much anxiety=
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psychological disorder
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the mind divided in 3 parts:
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-conscious
-preconscious
-unconscious
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conscious
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one's current attention
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preconscious
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not currently in consciousness, but can be accessed
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unconscious
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unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories that are beyond awareness
-unconscious urges
-what can't get out of unconscious mind pops out in dreams and behavior
-influences what we do
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personality divided in 3 parts:
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-id
-ego
-superego
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id
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inborn instinctual drives, especially sex and aggression
-pleasure principle
(all a baby has)
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ego
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reason and deliberation, conforms to the requirements of the outside world and demands of the id
-reality principle
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superego
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ideals, morals of parents and culture
-idealistic principle
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what part of the mind are id, ego, and superego in?
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id- entirely in unconscious mind
ego and superego- divided between conscious and unconscious
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id (unconscious psychic energy)
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-urges of sex, pleasure, and aggression
-strives to satisfy basic sex and aggression drives
-pleasure principle demands gratification (like an infant)
-restrained by reality
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"id dominated" people are more likely to
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use tobacco, drugs, alcohol
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ego:
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-largely conscious
-copes with reality
-struggles to reconcile the id and the superego
-reality principle, satisfies id's desire
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superego:
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-internalized ideals (how we ought to behave)
-the conscience
-internalized parent
-idealized self
-at odds with the id, id wants difficult/impossible things
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defense mechanisms
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-ego reduces anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
-different parts of the personality are in conflict w each other (id and superego)
-defense mech ward off the anxiety from conflicts through self deception
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repression
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keeping it out of the conscious mind
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denial
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deny something in a irrational way, "over the top" denying
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reaction formation
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behave exactly opposite of what your unconscious is telling you to do
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projection
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unconscious urges/thoughts that you don't want to accept as your own→ you project them on someone else, accuse others of what you have urges to do
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rationalization
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give a complicated reason for some act of behavior, you make up excuses and you believe them
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displacement
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displaced aggression, taking aggression out on something that's not the reason for aggression
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sublimation
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-only good mechanism
-take all unconscious energy and transfer it to something good that benefits society
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all defense mechanisms... (3 things)
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1. all implemented/initiated by the ego
2. all unconscious, solving a problem in a way you're not aware of
3. distort reality
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according to Freud, everyone uses
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defense mechanisms
-when you use them too much=psychological disorders
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problems with Freud
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-observations not scientifically testable
-over-reliance on case studies of disturbed people
-over reliance on sex and aggression
-biased against women: freud attributed women's reports of childhood sexual abuse to "unconscious conflicts" and a "weak superego"
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contributions of Freud
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-importance of unconscious (most important contribution)
-discussion of sex
-importance of early childhood experiences (even if you don't understand it at time, it effects you)
-extremely influential in western culture, although not accepted by many modern psychologists
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neo-freudians accept:
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-notions of id,ego,superego
-dynamics of anxiety and DM
-importance of unconscious
-shaping of personality in childhood
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neo-freudians recognize:
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-the importance of conscious motivations and social interactions
-instead of strictly sex and aggression, higher motives also underlie motivation
*not part of freud's theory
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projective test
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personality test (Rorschach) that uses ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of inner dynamics
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Rorschach inkblot test
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most widely used personality test
-most scientists say not a good test of personality
-subjective
-not reliable (consistency of results)
-different raters may interpret responses differently
-not valid (do not predict accurately)
-cannot identify who's suicidal and who isn't
-some …
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests though the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
-who are these people?
-what are they doing?
-what are they thinking and feeling?
-what will happen?
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trait
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-a charcteristic pattern of behavior
-a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories
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personality inventory
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a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
-used to assess selected personality traits
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external
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you think the world is controlled by other things
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MMPI
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-most widely researched and used of all personality tests
-tests many different traits at once
-questions about how people typically think, act, feel
compiled from large groups of prior test takers (standardize)
-developed to identify emotional disorders
-used for other screening pur…
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MMPI scoring
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higher scores indicate problems
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personality profile
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used to identify psychological disorders
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the big 5
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the best (so far) index of personality
-traits are stable, 50% heritable, culturally generalizable
-outcomes are reasonably valid and reliable
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valid
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tests what it says it's testing
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reliable
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if you take it again, you get approximately the same results
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big 5 traits
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consciousness
agreeableness
neuroticism
openness to experience
extraversion
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extroversion
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talkative, sociable, fun-loving, affectionate
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agreeableness
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sympathetic, warm, trusting, cooperative
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consciousness
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ethical, dependable, productive, purposeful
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neuroticism
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anxious, insecure, guilt prone, self-conscious
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openness
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daring, nonconforming,showing unusually broad interests,
imaginative
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definitions of abnormal
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1.social labeling
2.self labeling
3.psychoanalytic
4.humanistic
6.legal
7.medical disorders- DSM-5
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general definition of abnormal psychology
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maladaptive behavior, thoughts and emotions
-aka clinical psychology
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social labeling
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-you're abnormal if society says so
-problem: society is always changing
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self labeling
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-you decide you have a problem, go seek help
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psychoanalytic
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-freud
-problems come from conflicts between the id, ego, and superego
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humanistic
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-each person seeks to maximize their own personal growth, if you become blocked from that then you have a problem
-maslow's self actualization
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legal - insanity
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-legally not responsible for their own actions
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medical disorders
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-symptoms, tests, diagnosis
-most psychologists focus on
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causes of abnormalities
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1.organic,biological
2.behavioral (you learn through conditioning to have a disorder)
3.cognitive
4.psychodynamic (problems that emerge from unconscious, Freud)
5.humanistic (something is preventing you from self actualization/personal growth)
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older terms for disorders
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neurosis and psychosis
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DSM-5
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objective criteria for psychological disorders
-does not suggest therapies or treatments
-does not discuss possible causes
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anxiety disorder
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persistent, excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness that impairs normal functioning
-includes maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety (alcohol, drug use)
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generalized anxiety disorder
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"free-floating," unrealistic anxiety, chronic worrying lasting over 6 months
-persistent high autonomic nervous system arousal
-may involve physical problems such as diarrhea
autonomic sympathetic nervous system activation
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panic disorder
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recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense terror or dread ("I feel like I'm dying")
-many physical symptoms such as chest pains, choking
-panic attacks
-can be triggered by specific phobias or can be spontaneous
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phobia
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an irrational, persistent fear of a specific object, situation, or social activity
-phobia of snakes entails immediate terror in virtually every encounter with any snake
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obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
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persistent, uncontrollable, unwanted, repetitive thoughts (obsession) and the need to perform some action to relieve the obsessive thoughts (compulsion)
-OCD's cannot disengage attention from obsession
-very high frontal lobe activity (red)
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causes of anxiety disorders- behaviorist perspective
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assumes they are learned by associative learning process
e.g. you are bitten by a dog, bite=UCS, dog=CS
(child sees bunny example)
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causes of anxiety disorders- biological perspective
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anxiety disorders caused from physical problems and genetic information
-chemical imbalances, sensation and GABA systems
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causes of anxiety disorders-psychoanalytic explanations
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repressed urges and desires trying to come into consciousness, creating anxiety controlled by the abnormal behavior
-shame of sex urges may be expressed through obsessive cleaning, etc,
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causes of anxiety disorders- cognitive
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-illogical, irrational thought process
-magnification
-all or nothing thinking
-overgeneralization
-minimization
*no one thinks their own thinking is illogical
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magnification
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the tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or important than they actually are
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all-or-nothing thinking
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the tendency to believe that one's performance must be perfect or the result will be total failure
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overgenralization
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the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never ending pattern of defeat and failure
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minimization
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the tendency to give little or no importance to one's successes or positive events and traits
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dissociative disorders
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break in conscious awareness, memory, or sense of identity, usually as a result from extreme stress
-psychogenic amnesia, dissociative fugue
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psychogenic amnesia
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extreme emotional experience can cause amnesia
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dissociative fugue
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fleeing home and "coming to" with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information
-lost sense of identity
-very rare, lasts a very short time
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2 major forms of mood disorders
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major depression and bipolar disorder
-characterized by emotional extremes
-prolonged, disabling disruptions in emotional state
-note that functioning is almost a;ways severely impaired
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major depressive disorder
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mood disorder in which a person, for no rational reason,experiences persistent depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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depressed people..
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-withdrawal
-don't react to anything
-cognitive impairment
-physical causes
-incapacitating
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depression
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-accompanied by negative cognitions
-often accompanied by anxiety and/or substance abuse
women's risk of depression is double that of men's
-depression rates are increasing, especially in young
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bipolar disorder
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alternate between hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (unrealistically optimistic)
-formally called manic-depressive disorder
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schizophrenia
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1/100 young adults develop
a group of severe disorders characterized by:
-disorganized thinking and communicating
-psychosis
-disturbed perceptions (usually auditory): delusions, hallucinations
-inappropriate emotions and actions (flat affect)
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psychosis
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an inability to distinguish fantasy from reality
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delusions
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believing things that are not real (conspiracy, Jesus-complex)
-not the same as perception
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hallucinations
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hearing or seeing things that are not there
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flat affect
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not much emotional response
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schizophrenic people...
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do not appear to be in touch with reality
-generally not schizophrenic their whole life
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2 major divisions of schizophrenia
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-chronic
-acute
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chronic schizophrenia
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-slow developing
-usually absence of appropriate behaviors
-absence of emotion (flat affect), movement (catatonia), social interaction (withdrawal)
-low recovery rates
*more common
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acute schizophrenia
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sudden onset
-usually presence of inappropriate behaviors
-presence of hallucinations, delusions
-better recovery rate
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paranoid
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characterized by delusions
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catatonic
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odd and extreme bodily symptoms
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language development
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mylienation of brain cells
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grandmother effect
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-malnutrtion
-protein deficiencies
-1st gen=male and female affected (small, learning disablilities)
-2nd gen=only females affected
-3rd gen=all are okay
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heritability tests higher scores for
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monozygotic twins
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Kohlberg moral parallel: sensorimotor
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none, no moral reasoning at this stage
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Kohlberg moral parallel: preoperational
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preconventional
-guided by reward/punishment
-if you break law at this stage, all you care about is getting caught
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Kohlberg moral parallel: concrete operational
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conventional
-rules
-something is consistent with rules= good, not consistent with rules=bad
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Kohlberg moral parallel: formal operational
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post-conventional
*MORAL DILEMMAS
-abstract principles (life is more important than money)
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Kohlberg moral principles determine
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level of reasoning, not whether right or wrong
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cohort
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group
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adult dev.-you resolve crisi by
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moving on to the next stage
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Study Guide: Final Exam