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PSYC 107: EXAM 3
prenatal development:
stage 1
|
zygote (fertilized egg)
-2 week period of rapid cell division (undifferentiated)
-ends with implantation to uterine wall
-over half do not successfully implant |
prenatal development:
stage 2
|
embryo
-human organism from 2wks through 8wks
-begins with implantation to the uterine wall
-placenta and major organs form, heart beats, liver makes red blood cells |
prenatal development:
stage 3
|
fetus
-8wks after conception to birth
-rapid growth of brain and body in final 3 months |
critical periods (nurture) |
development stages when environmental influences have the most impact |
teratogen |
factor (e.g. chemicals, viruses) that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause birth defects
-any physical thing that can affect fetus or developing embryo |
nicotine |
-teratogen
-low birth weight, learning disabilities
|
during critical periods, cells |
are proliferating most rapidly |
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
-physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking (5+ drinks per day)
*alcohol is teratogen |
symptoms of FAS |
-facial misproportions, mental retardation, behavior problems |
thalidomide |
-drug for morning sickness/nausea
-caused deformed babies
-if taken while CNS is developing, it will affect CNS (true for anything else that's developing) |
cells are most vulnerable when |
they're proliferating |
nature |
the idea that genetic endowment determines everything about you
*genetics
-genetics determine your potential |
nurture |
how you were treated, what you learn, environment, experience: determine everything about you
*experience, environment, learning
-how much potential you realize |
nature and |
... |
heritability |
-traits psychological and physical
-how much of a trait is determined by genetics and how much id determined by environment/experience
-the more determined by genetics, the more heritability |
monozygotic twins |
identical twins
-one zygote splits into two separate but identical masses of cells
-each develops into a separate embryo |
dizygotic twins |
fraternal twins
-two eggs are separately fertilized by different sperm
-each develops into a separate zygote, then a separate embryo
-average: share half the genes |
schema |
-cognitive structure
-description of a concept, very general
-we develop them |
equilibration |
intellectually/cognitively adapting to one's world (environment) |
accommodation |
-creating or extending a schema
*form something new |
assimilation |
using an existing schema
*doesn't form anything new |
stages vs. continuous development |
stages- qualitative
continuous development- quantitative |
1. sensorimotor |
(0-2)
-movement and manipulation |
2. preoperational |
(2-6)
primitive concepts
-object permanence
-single words (single word represents a single schema)
-ecocentrism
-theory of mind |
object permanence |
refers to the idea that you know an object exists when it isn't there
-if you can't see the object and then start to look for it you're developing this |
ecocentrism |
"self centered"
-only have your own perspective, can't take on another person's point of view
-don't realize that other people have their own mind and private thoughts
-learn extremely fast |
theory of mind |
-age 4 1/2
-children understand that people have their own minds and thoughts
(crayons vs. bandaids)
-children learn how to lie when they develop this
|
3. concrete operational |
(6-11)
rules
-rules of everything, grade school, schema that represents what rules are
-conservation: test to see if a child has moved to this stage (which row has more pennies)
|
4. formal operational |
(11+)
abstract
-schemas you learn are more abstract: justice, equality, remorse
-hypothetical reasoning (prediction of the future--if i do this, then this will happen)
*pic on phone
|
cognitive and moral |
... |
longitudinal studies |
observe the same person over and over throughout years |
adult development |
stage-crisis
1.independence
2.marriage
3.parenthood
4.career
5.mid-life crisis
6.post-parental
7.separation distress
8.old age
9.death |
mid life crisis |
looking forward to the future and looking back at the past at the same time and it doesn't fit
*resolve= big change, readjust goals |
personality |
individual differences
-how people differ at the individual level
-an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
does personality change? |
stays mostly the same throughout life |
the psychoanalytic perspective |
aka psychodynamic, freud's theory
-unconscious motivations influence personality |
psychoanalysis |
-freud
-attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts |
psychoanalysis says people are motivated by |
sex and aggression, but they repress those motivations from consciousness, causing conflict
|
Freud defines "sex" as |
anything that gives you pleasure, doesn't have to be sexual |
treatment interprets unconscious conflicts |
free association-used to look for patterns
dream interpretation-100% unconscious, pay attention to dreams, develop symbols
jokes-humor involves feeling uncomfortable about a theme (if you make jokes about sex, you're uncomfortable with it bc its what's consuming you)
|
too much anxiety= |
psychological disorder |
the mind divided in 3 parts: |
-conscious
-preconscious
-unconscious |
conscious |
one's current attention |
preconscious |
not currently in consciousness, but can be accessed |
unconscious |
unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories that are beyond awareness
-unconscious urges
-what can't get out of unconscious mind pops out in dreams and behavior
-influences what we do |
personality divided in 3 parts: |
-id
-ego
-superego |
id |
inborn instinctual drives, especially sex and aggression
-pleasure principle
(all a baby has)
|
ego |
reason and deliberation, conforms to the requirements of the outside world and demands of the id
-reality principle |
superego |
ideals, morals of parents and culture
-idealistic principle |
what part of the mind are id, ego, and superego in? |
id- entirely in unconscious mind
ego and superego- divided between conscious and unconscious |
id (unconscious psychic energy) |
-urges of sex, pleasure, and aggression
-strives to satisfy basic sex and aggression drives
-pleasure principle demands gratification (like an infant)
-restrained by reality
|
"id dominated" people are more likely to |
use tobacco, drugs, alcohol |
ego: |
-largely conscious
-copes with reality
-struggles to reconcile the id and the superego
-reality principle, satisfies id's desire |
superego: |
-internalized ideals (how we ought to behave)
-the conscience
-internalized parent
-idealized self
-at odds with the id, id wants difficult/impossible things |
defense mechanisms |
-ego reduces anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
-different parts of the personality are in conflict w each other (id and superego)
-defense mech ward off the anxiety from conflicts through self deception |
repression |
keeping it out of the conscious mind |
denial |
deny something in a irrational way, "over the top" denying |
reaction formation |
behave exactly opposite of what your unconscious is telling you to do |
projection |
unconscious urges/thoughts that you don't want to accept as your own→ you project them on someone else, accuse others of what you have urges to do |
rationalization |
give a complicated reason for some act of behavior, you make up excuses and you believe them
|
displacement |
displaced aggression, taking aggression out on something that's not the reason for aggression |
sublimation |
-only good mechanism
-take all unconscious energy and transfer it to something good that benefits society
|
all defense mechanisms... (3 things) |
1. all implemented/initiated by the ego
2. all unconscious, solving a problem in a way you're not aware of
3. distort reality |
according to Freud, everyone uses |
defense mechanisms
-when you use them too much=psychological disorders |
problems with Freud |
-observations not scientifically testable
-over-reliance on case studies of disturbed people
-over reliance on sex and aggression
-biased against women: freud attributed women's reports of childhood sexual abuse to "unconscious conflicts" and a "weak superego" |
contributions of Freud |
-importance of unconscious (most important contribution)
-discussion of sex
-importance of early childhood experiences (even if you don't understand it at time, it effects you)
-extremely influential in western culture, although not accepted by many modern psychologists |
neo-freudians accept: |
-notions of id,ego,superego
-dynamics of anxiety and DM
-importance of unconscious
-shaping of personality in childhood
|
neo-freudians recognize: |
-the importance of conscious motivations and social interactions
-instead of strictly sex and aggression, higher motives also underlie motivation
*not part of freud's theory |
projective test |
personality test (Rorschach) that uses ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of inner dynamics
|
Rorschach inkblot test |
most widely used personality test
-most scientists say not a good test of personality
-subjective
-not reliable (consistency of results)
-different raters may interpret responses differently
-not valid (do not predict accurately)
-cannot identify who's suicidal and who isn't
-some therapists still use |
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests though the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
-who are these people?
-what are they doing?
-what are they thinking and feeling?
-what will happen? |
trait |
-a charcteristic pattern of behavior
-a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories
|
personality inventory |
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
-used to assess selected personality traits |
external |
you think the world is controlled by other things |
MMPI |
-most widely researched and used of all personality tests
-tests many different traits at once
-questions about how people typically think, act, feel
compiled from large groups of prior test takers (standardize)
-developed to identify emotional disorders
-used for other screening purposes, such as job placement |
MMPI scoring |
higher scores indicate problems |
personality profile |
used to identify psychological disorders |
the big 5 |
the best (so far) index of personality
-traits are stable, 50% heritable, culturally generalizable
-outcomes are reasonably valid and reliable |
valid |
tests what it says it's testing |
reliable |
if you take it again, you get approximately the same results |
big 5 traits |
consciousness
agreeableness
neuroticism
openness to experience
extraversion |
extroversion |
talkative, sociable, fun-loving, affectionate |
agreeableness |
sympathetic, warm, trusting, cooperative |
consciousness |
ethical, dependable, productive, purposeful |
neuroticism |
anxious, insecure, guilt prone, self-conscious |
openness |
daring, nonconforming,showing unusually broad interests,
imaginative |
definitions of abnormal |
1.social labeling
2.self labeling
3.psychoanalytic
4.humanistic
6.legal
7.medical disorders- DSM-5 |
general definition of abnormal psychology |
maladaptive behavior, thoughts and emotions
-aka clinical psychology |
social labeling |
-you're abnormal if society says so
-problem: society is always changing
|
self labeling |
-you decide you have a problem, go seek help |
psychoanalytic |
-freud
-problems come from conflicts between the id, ego, and superego |
humanistic |
-each person seeks to maximize their own personal growth, if you become blocked from that then you have a problem
-maslow's self actualization |
legal - insanity |
-legally not responsible for their own actions |
medical disorders |
-symptoms, tests, diagnosis
-most psychologists focus on
|
causes of abnormalities |
1.organic,biological
2.behavioral (you learn through conditioning to have a disorder)
3.cognitive
4.psychodynamic (problems that emerge from unconscious, Freud)
5.humanistic (something is preventing you from self actualization/personal growth) |
older terms for disorders |
neurosis and psychosis |
DSM-5 |
objective criteria for psychological disorders
-does not suggest therapies or treatments
-does not discuss possible causes |
anxiety disorder |
persistent, excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness that impairs normal functioning
-includes maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety (alcohol, drug use) |
generalized anxiety disorder |
"free-floating," unrealistic anxiety, chronic worrying lasting over 6 months
-persistent high autonomic nervous system arousal
-may involve physical problems such as diarrhea
autonomic sympathetic nervous system activation |
panic disorder |
recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense terror or dread ("I feel like I'm dying")
-many physical symptoms such as chest pains, choking
-panic attacks
-can be triggered by specific phobias or can be spontaneous |
phobia |
an irrational, persistent fear of a specific object, situation, or social activity
-phobia of snakes entails immediate terror in virtually every encounter with any snake |
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) |
persistent, uncontrollable, unwanted, repetitive thoughts (obsession) and the need to perform some action to relieve the obsessive thoughts (compulsion)
-OCD's cannot disengage attention from obsession
-very high frontal lobe activity (red) |
causes of anxiety disorders- behaviorist perspective |
assumes they are learned by associative learning process
e.g. you are bitten by a dog, bite=UCS, dog=CS
(child sees bunny example) |
causes of anxiety disorders- biological perspective |
anxiety disorders caused from physical problems and genetic information
-chemical imbalances, sensation and GABA systems |
causes of anxiety disorders-psychoanalytic explanations |
repressed urges and desires trying to come into consciousness, creating anxiety controlled by the abnormal behavior
-shame of sex urges may be expressed through obsessive cleaning, etc, |
causes of anxiety disorders- cognitive |
-illogical, irrational thought process
-magnification
-all or nothing thinking
-overgeneralization
-minimization
*no one thinks their own thinking is illogical |
magnification |
the tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or important than they actually are |
all-or-nothing thinking |
the tendency to believe that one's performance must be perfect or the result will be total failure
|
overgenralization
|
the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never ending pattern of defeat and failure
|
minimization |
the tendency to give little or no importance to one's successes or positive events and traits
|
dissociative disorders |
break in conscious awareness, memory, or sense of identity, usually as a result from extreme stress
-psychogenic amnesia, dissociative fugue |
psychogenic amnesia |
extreme emotional experience can cause amnesia |
dissociative fugue |
fleeing home and "coming to" with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information
-lost sense of identity
-very rare, lasts a very short time |
2 major forms of mood disorders |
major depression and bipolar disorder
-characterized by emotional extremes
-prolonged, disabling disruptions in emotional state
-note that functioning is almost a;ways severely impaired |
major depressive disorder |
mood disorder in which a person, for no rational reason,experiences persistent depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities |
depressed people.. |
-withdrawal
-don't react to anything
-cognitive impairment
-physical causes
-incapacitating |
depression |
-accompanied by negative cognitions
-often accompanied by anxiety and/or substance abuse
women's risk of depression is double that of men's
-depression rates are increasing, especially in young |
bipolar disorder |
alternate between hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (unrealistically optimistic)
-formally called manic-depressive disorder |
schizophrenia |
1/100 young adults develop
a group of severe disorders characterized by:
-disorganized thinking and communicating
-psychosis
-disturbed perceptions (usually auditory): delusions, hallucinations
-inappropriate emotions and actions (flat affect) |
psychosis |
an inability to distinguish fantasy from reality |
delusions |
believing things that are not real (conspiracy, Jesus-complex)
-not the same as perception |
hallucinations |
hearing or seeing things that are not there |
flat affect |
not much emotional response |
schizophrenic people... |
do not appear to be in touch with reality
-generally not schizophrenic their whole life |
2 major divisions of schizophrenia |
-chronic
-acute
|
chronic schizophrenia |
-slow developing
-usually absence of appropriate behaviors
-absence of emotion (flat affect), movement (catatonia), social interaction (withdrawal)
-low recovery rates
*more common |
acute schizophrenia |
sudden onset
-usually presence of inappropriate behaviors
-presence of hallucinations, delusions
-better recovery rate |
paranoid |
characterized by delusions |
catatonic |
odd and extreme bodily symptoms |
language development |
mylienation of brain cells |
grandmother effect |
-malnutrtion
-protein deficiencies
-1st gen=male and female affected (small, learning disablilities)
-2nd gen=only females affected
-3rd gen=all are okay |
heritability tests higher scores for |
monozygotic twins |
Kohlberg moral parallel: sensorimotor |
none, no moral reasoning at this stage |
Kohlberg moral parallel: preoperational |
preconventional
-guided by reward/punishment
-if you break law at this stage, all you care about is getting caught |
Kohlberg moral parallel: concrete operational |
conventional
-rules
-something is consistent with rules= good, not consistent with rules=bad |
Kohlberg moral parallel: formal operational |
post-conventional
*MORAL DILEMMAS
-abstract principles (life is more important than money)
|
Kohlberg moral principles determine |
level of reasoning, not whether right or wrong |
cohort |
group |
adult dev.-you resolve crisi by |
moving on to the next stage |