PSYC 107: EXAM 2
80 Cards in this Set
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consciousness
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our awareness of ourselves and our environment
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dual processing
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the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
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visual perception track
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enables us to recognize things and plan future actions
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visual action track
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guides moment-to-moment actions; (example of visual perception track and visual action track colliding is the hollow face illusion)
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unconscious parallel processing
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is like running on auto-pilot; frees your conscious mind to deal with new challenges (example: driving on a familiar route)
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serial conscious processing
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for solving new problems, requires focused attention (example: move right foot in counterclockwise circle, write #3 with right hand repeatedly at the same time)
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selective attention
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focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus (compared to flashlight beam)
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cocktail party effect
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demonstrates selective attention; ability to attend to only one voice/sound among many
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inattentional blindness
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failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere (ex: focusing so much on game that nobody saw the gorilla)
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change blindness
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failing to notice changes in the environment (ex: focusing on giving directions to someone and not noticing different shirt colors)
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Circadian rhythm
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biological clock; regular bodily thythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle (ex: body temperature and wakefulness)
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REM sleep
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"rapid eye movement"; recurring stage which vivid dreams commonly occur, aka "paradoxical sleep"; characteristics: heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid/irregular, eyes move (mark beginning of a dream); occurs during stage 1; REM periods increase as night progresses
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Alpha waves
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relatively slow brain waves of relaxed, awake state; show as you're laying down (stage 1)
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sleep
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periodic, natural loss of consciousness
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Stage 1 sleep
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(entry to sleep)- hallucinations/hypanagogic sensations;
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hallucinations
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false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of external visual stimulus
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Hypanagogic sensations
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feeling of falling/floating
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Stage 2 sleep
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roughly 20 min; characterized by appearance of sleep spindles (rapid/rhythmic brain activity)
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Stage 3 sleep
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transitional to stage 4- begins to emit delta waves (roughly 30 min)
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delta waves
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large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
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Stage 4 sleep
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more delta waves; last roughly 30 min; hard to awaken; (children sleepwalk or wet bed at end of stage 4); occurs early in the night
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effects of sleep loss
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body holds sleep debt; weight gain (increases hunger-arousing hormone ghrelin and decreases hunger-suppressing hormone leptin); more likely to get sick by suppression of immune cells; irritability, slowed performance, and impaired creativity, concentration & communication
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sleep theories
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Sleep protects (cavemen--dark is more dangerous), helps us recuperate (restores/repairs brain tissue), makes memories, feeds creative thinking, may play a role in growth process
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insomnia
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persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
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narcolepsy
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characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; may lapse directly into REM sleep
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sleep apnea
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temporary cessations of breathing during sleep, repeated momentary awakenings; associated with old fat men, snoring can be a sign
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night terrors
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high arousal and appearance of being terrified; occur during stage 4 and seldom remembered
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dreams
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sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind; notable for hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for dreamer's delusional acceptance of the contintent and later difficulties remembering it
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Freud's wish fulfillment theory
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dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings; believed dreams to be traced back to erotic wishes
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manifest content
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remembered storyline, censored, symbolic version of latent content
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latent content
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unconscious drives/wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly
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REM rebound
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tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
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theories for why we dream
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Freud's wish-fulfillment, information processing, development/preservation of neural pathways, to make sense of neural static (activation-synthesis theory), cognitive development, and REM rebound
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activation-synthesis theory
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neural activity is random, dreams are brain's attempt to make sense of it
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hypnosis
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social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
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posthypnotic suggestion
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a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; has helped with headaches, asthma, stress-related skin disorders, obesity, pain relief; doesn't work well with addictions
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social influence theory
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hypnotic phenomena are an extension of everyday social behavior
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dissociation
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split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts & behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
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unified account of hypnosis
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it's an extension of both normal principles of social influence and of everyday dissociations between our conscious awareness and our automatic behaviors
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psychoactive drugs
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chemicals that change perceptions and moods through their actions at the neural synapses
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tolerance
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diminishing effect of regular use of the same dose of a drug
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withdrawal
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discomfort/distress that follows the discontinuing use of a drug
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physical dependence
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physiological need for a drug
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psychological dependence
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psychological need to use drugs (to relieve negative emotions)
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addiction
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compulsive drug craving and use, despite consequences
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depressants
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drugs that calm neural activity and slow body functions (barbiturates and opiates)
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barbiturates
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depressant: (tranquilizers) depress activity of central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement; mimic effects of alcohol (examples: Nembutal, Seconal, Amytal--prescribed for sleep or anxiety problems)
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opiates
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depressant: opium & its derivatives (morphine & heroin); depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain/anxiety
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stimulants
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drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions (increase heart/breathing rates, pupils dilate, appetite decreases due to blood sugar increase, energy and self-confidence are raised); amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy
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Amphetamines
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stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes (adderall)
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methamphetamine
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powerfully addictive drug that stimulates CNS; over time reduces baseline dopamine levels (crystal meth, cocaine, heroin)
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Ecstasy
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(MDMA): synthetic stimulant/mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and long-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition (dehydrating effect can lead to severe overheating; suppresses immune system, impairs memory,…
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Hallucinogensdistort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input; aka "psychedelics" = "mind-manifesting"
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distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input; aka "psychedelics" = "mind-manifesting"
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LSD
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Lysergic acid diethylamide; effects similar to those of near-death-experiences
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THC
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delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; main ingredient in weed; amp
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environment
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...
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behavior genetics
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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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chromosomes
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threadlike structures of DNA molecules that contain the genes ("book chapters")
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DNA
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complex molecule containing genetic information that makes up chromosomes
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Genes
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biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein ("words" in a chapter); you can have active (turned "on" by environmental events) and inactive
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identical twins
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same egg (monozygotic) that splits in 2
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fraternal twins
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separate eggs
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temperament
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person's characteristic emotional reactivity & intensity
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gene-environment interaction
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genes are self-regulating, react to environment; people will react differently to Will Ferrell movie than Zac Efron movie
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evolutionary psychology
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study of the roots of behavior and mental processes, using the principles of natural selection
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mutations
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random errors in gene replication
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gender
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biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male & female
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culture
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behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted to future generations
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norms
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rules for accepted/expected behavior
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individualism
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giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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collectivism
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giving priority to group goals (family/work) and defining one's identity occordingly
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aggression
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physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
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x-chromosome
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sex chromosome in boys & girls; X from each parent = girl
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y-chromosome
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found only in boys
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testosterone
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most important male sex hormone; stimulates prenatal sex organ growth and male sex characteristics during puberty
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gender role
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set of expected behaviors for men/women
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gender identity
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sense of being male or female
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gender typing
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acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
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social learning theory
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we learn social behavior by observing and imitating, and being rewarded or punished (big boys don't cry Alex!)
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...
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Definition
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Study Guide: Final Exam