HIST 226: EXAM 2
73 Cards in this Set
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Texas Annexation Opposed
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Northerners who were against slavery and who did not like the spreading British influence happening in Texas. Southerners who were still practicing slavery on there land
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Texas Annexation Favored
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those in favor of manifest destiny and who wanted to expand he territory to the south and west
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Mexican American War Old interpretation
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mexico intimated the war by crossing the Rio Grande and killing American soldiers
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Mexican American War New Interpretation
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Tx instigated the war by placement of troops and because they were never technically independent from Mexico. Wanted the war so Texas could gain more land.
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidlago
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Rio Grande accepted as Texas-Mexico boundary. Upper california and new Mexico were given to U.S.
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Great compromise of 1850
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extends line of slavery to Pacific ocean
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1852
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Uncle Tom's Cabin Published
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1854
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Dred Scott Decision
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Raid on Harper's Ferry (1856)
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By John Brown to Arm slaves
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Secession sentiment in Texas
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support-Democrats
Not Support- Sam Houston, Whig Party
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3 regions of anti-sucession
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German settlers-10 counties in the hill country didn't believe in slavery
North Texas counties along red river- border states did not support succession Anglo immigrants from these states in North Texas
Angelina County- not sure why
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Election of 1860
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Lincoln
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Succession Convention
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Jan 1861 voted for succession 166 to 8
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Sam Houston's governor ship
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refused to call convention for succession and then refused to be governor of confederacy
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Supporters of Confederacy Units that fought outside of Texas
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Terry's Texas Rangers-
Helped delay Sherman's march through Georgia 1864
Lawrence Sullivan Ross (Ross's Texas Rangers)
Led Texas brigade
Hood's Texas Brigade-
John Bell Hood-Second battle of Bull run, Antietam and Gettysburg
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Where was unionist sentiment strongest
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German settlements in hill country
lower Rio Grande River
Proximity to Mexico is where most unionist supporters went or lived
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Union Loyal League 1869
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Who? Germans
Wanted to Accomplish? Hoped to destabilize confederacy in Texas and reinstate Union authority
State officials considered them a threat to souther security
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Battle of Nueces
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July 1862 Calvary and troops sent to squash union loyal league by confederacy
Many Germans fled to Mexico but others covered on west side of nieces river
Brief skirmish but Germans forced to surrender
some hanged by confederate troops
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Conscription
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Draft forced by governor
Many problems because many did not agree with their states loyalty to confederacy or union
Could buy your way out though
Draft riots ensured, many people deserted, desertion rate higher than new recruit rate
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General Bankhead Magruder
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some germans and Anglo's attempted to raise a resistance against conscription, Marshall Law was initiated and put it down
Many outspoken individuals arrested ignoring Habeas Corpus (evidence)
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Importance of Texas to Confederacy
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many ports-trade routes
relation to Mexico-Trade of supplies and cotton
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Civil War on the home front Role of Women
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Impact on women after civil war
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June 19th 1865
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Day slaves fond out about emancipation Reconstruction
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Scope of devastation from war
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Farmers encouraged to grow food crops such as corn to feed troops
Also asked to grow poppies for opium to treat injuries of soldiers
Lots of land burned and destroyed
North lost 365,000 and 277,000 wounded
South 260,000 dead (1/5 of population) 195,000 wounded
Freed slaves now homel…
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Freedmen's Bureau 1865
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Who? General E. M. Gregory head of Texas branch, Texans not so friendly toward bureaus efforts.
How successful? Did at least for a short time, protect blacks in contracts and bureau courts and helped them get an education
Goals? To ensure that blacks were offered fair employment, to pr…
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Presidential Reconstruction-Lincoln
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10% plan
Lenient plan for reconstruction with two provisions
1. Promised full pardon and return of all property other than slaves, to those who would take an oath of loyalty tot the union
2. Any Rebel state could form a union government when 10% of those who in 1860 took an oath of all…
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April 15th 1865
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Lincoln Assassinated and Johnson a Democrat from Tennessee takes his place
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Provisions of Johnson's Reconstruction plan
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1. State would have to declare succession (null/void)
2. State would have to approve the 13th amendment
3. States would have to create new constitution and civil governments
a. Idea was that the unionists in the south would ensure that blacks would have their civil, economic and voti…
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Johnson named provisional governor for the states
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Texas was assigned Andrew Johnson Hamilton (1865-1866), chosen because he was a unionist Texan and he appointed unionists in the city, country and state level
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Black codes
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series of measures designed to regulate black labor and economic development
Attempt to retain white power structure that had existed before the war and retain slavery even if not in name
Continued legal discrimination of blacks
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Black Rights allowed
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1. Had basic property rights
2. Technically could own land but more often than not forced to rent
3. Could make contracts
4. Could sue and be sue by other blacks
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Black Rights Denied
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Could not serve on juries
could testify only in cases with other blacks
could not marry white people (miscegenation was illegal)
not allowed to vote or hold office
separate rail road accommodations
segregation of public facilities
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Apprentice laws
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masters were to provide training, clothing, food and board. Delinquent African American youths sometimes ordered into aprenticeships
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Vagrancy laws
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allowed courts to arrest people they determined to be idle (not working, homeless) Ideas for vagrancy very different for whites and blacks
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Congressional Reconstruction REconsruction Act of 1867
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ended presidential reconstruction
4 districts under control of the army
Under radical reconstruction Texas had to take new steps to join the Union
1. Write new constitution that provided universal male suffrage 14th amendment
2. When Texas writes constitution and accepts 14th amendmen…
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Constitutional convention Tx constitution of 1869-
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Republican Dominance authorized more centralized government, greater power in governor, with extensive appointment powers
Granted suffrage and general civil rights to Texans
Extended state support for all Texans to receive a public education
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Constitution of 1876
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Democrats regained control
African Americans are marginalized (no place) by 1876 economically and socially
Most important provision-all officials elected except for secretary of state
gave power to the people
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School system
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Texas did not want to be forced to go to school or to build school
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Texas between 1870-1890
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Westward Expansion
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Moral Land Grand Act of 1862
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30,000 acres of federal land for every representative in congress
Funds from sale of the land use dot build school and universities (A&M included)
Encourage westward expansion by encouraging higher education which lead to large communities and jobs
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1839 State Homestead Law
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could not lose property due to debt
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Federal Homestead Act of 1862
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if lived on property for five years government would give land title for 160 acres
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Texas Bureau of Immigration
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established to encourage immigration to Texas
Net immigration was 7.5 million at the time-mostly eastern and southern Europeans
Would help earn Texas representation in Congress, more tax revenue, and more workers
Constitution of 1876 ended bureau but it was need really successful
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New south creed
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Texas would turn away from agriculture economy based on slave labor and would embrace a diversified economy based on industrialization
How did Texas industrialize at this time? Commercialized industries such as meat packing, flour mills, and lumber
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Cattle Kingdom Rise
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Aided by breeding of the popular long horn and demand rise after war
People outside needed to restock after devastation from war
After war large cattle drive frequent
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Cattle Kingdom Fall
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Shipping cattle on trains extremely expensive
Rangers began fencing their land and range wars started
Sheep and goats became more popular less land easier to care for
Texas had two very harsh winters that killed many cattle and ended the cattle boom
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Mifflin Kennedy Ranch
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started in stem boats then goats then steer.
partnered with Richard King
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Richard King
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after muffin died became sole owner and bought up more land
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Cities in the late 19th century
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Galveston, houston, etc
Still considerable isolation
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How did people deal with isolation?
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Would move with larger groups of people to have close neighbors
Women formed organizations to better society
House raisings, barn raisings, lots of church involvement, picnics, dances
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Women's Christian Temperance Movement
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wanted to stop the manufacture and sale of also alcohol
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Mexican-American Population in Texas
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105,000 Mexicans in Texas
South Texas Hispanics outnumbered Texans
West Texas equal distribution
Central Texas Anglo outnumbered Hispanics
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Mutual Aide Societies
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Formed to ease transition for immigrants by helping tim find housing, jobs, schools, and friends
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Ethnic groups in TExas
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Greeks, poles, italians, slovs, czech's two colonies of Japanese immigrants in Webster and winnie
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Populism
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Texans friendliness towards business was hard on farmers
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Farmers 5 hardships
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1.Cotton and cattle price crashes after saturation of market
a. small farmers mostly share croppers and tenant farmer sin circle of debt
2. Tight money supply
a. Backed by sparse supply of gold
3. Mortgage and tax rates static (unchanging)
4.High tariffs on farm implements
5. High…
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Farmer solutions The Grange by Oliver Kelley
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a. worked for department of agriculture
b. created to offer social and educational benefits to isolated members
c. state organizations had control over its own policies so no collective effort by separate branches
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Texas Farmer's alliance
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1875 Lampasas organizes Texas chapter to protect farmers from land speculators and cable rustlers
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1880s
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alliances restructured as a political organization
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Political Agenda of 1886
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1.Higher taxes on land owned by speculators
2.Free coinage of gold and silver
3. high farm prices cooperative buy in bulk for cheaper negotiated prices within large groups. complicated for all to agree though.
4. Regluation of railroads
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1887
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Farmers alliance become national organization
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1892
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Populist party created of farmer's alliance
primarily a rural movement, strongest among farmers in east and west central Texas
Not a lot of business owners, Many women and African Amerians though
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Reforms: Agenda of Populist party
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1. free coinage of silver
2. government regulation of business
3. public ownership of railroads
4. sub treasury plan.
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How successful populist party?
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never gained control of any state government
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Populist party at the ballot box?
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But did well at ballot box. held 22 of 129 seats of the House of Representatives and 2 seats in the senate
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Reforms under Governor Hogg
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regulation of railroads (greatest effort)
TX railroad commission established 1891
set rates and fares
Since railroad transported oil controlled market prices
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Prison reform
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most slaves ended up in prison when no jobs were available
wanted to rehabilitate "criminals" instead of just locking them up and forgetting bout them
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school reform
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extended school year to 6 months
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Progressiveism and Populism differences and similarities
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Progressivism iran movement focused on helping cities form stable infrastructure so they would be able to provide basic needs, running water, jobs, homes, etc
worked to make conditions n factories humane and stop child labor
Populist agrarian movement meant to help farmers and set fair …
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Progressive Reforms:
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1.Expand democracy so even less wealthy have a voice
2. Efficiency in government
a. effort to clean out bosses
b. instead implemented commissioners for different city offices
3. Regulation
a. big business not regulated
b. early 1900s factories extremely impersonal only cared about …
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Terrell Election Law reform
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guarantee secret ballots to stop intimidation at voting poles and allow all parties to have a voice
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Reforms to fix labor problems
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1. Statute exempting organized labor from anti-trust organizations
2. 1901 Legislature outlawed blacklists that kept employees from joining labor unions
3. 1905 First state law outlawing labor (enforcement spotty though)
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Active government
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a. conservation of forests (w. Goodrich jones)
i. organized Texas forestry Association in 1914
ii. 1915 state department of forestry created
iii. Forests then used for recreation and research facilities and sustainable logging
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Study Guide: Exam 1