HIST 226: EXAM 1
39 Cards in this Set
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Herbert E. Bolton
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Father of Spanish Borderlands history, the three frontier corridors in New Spain. Wrote about TX.
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Olmecs
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Mother culture of Mexico; one of three Native American migrations made across the Bering Strait.
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Aztecs
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Arrived around 1000 A.D. in Aztlan, site where they found an eagle destroying a serpent on top of a cactus, on a rock, in the middle of a lake. Founded Tenochtitlan, the capital in 1300 A.D. Took 150 for them to be under complete Spanish rule.
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Caddos
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from East TX--belongs to the Mississippi cultures, more sophisticated, raise crops, mound builders.
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Karankawas
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Gulf coast settlers; made extensive use of marine sources, misconception they were cannibals; encountered problems with French settlers, La Salle.
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Coahuiltecans
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Gulf coast settlers, extremely mobile. Indians of the Seno Mexicano; consisted of a diverse number of distinct cultures and languages that had evolved in South Tx over many years.
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Nortenos
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term popularized with the destruction of the 1758 mission, Santa Cruz de San Saba; means "northern tribes"
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Tonkawas
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Represent the coming together of late arriving Southern plain hunters
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Apaches
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Earliest people to be described by Spanish explorers, most proficient bison hunters of West TX
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Lipan Apaches
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No formal organization larger than the band.
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Comanches
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Fiercest group the Spaniards faced; had large warrior forces. Claimed to have never been conquered by the Spaniards.The arrived in the Borderlands Frontier because they were following the Bison.
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Zacatecas
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150 miles north of Mexico City, called "Mother of the Frontier," first silver mining bonanza in the New World, prompts colonists to spread out among the three corridors of New Spain.
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Social hierarchy in the Borderlands
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Favored European born (peninsulares) and American born-Spaniards or criollos.
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Class structure in the Borderlands
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The Frontier: born as a Native American and could die as an Aztec.
The Metropoli (Mexico City): born as an Aztec, die as an Aztec.
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Presidios
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Law enforcement; to control belligerent Native Americans and to protect the colonies and missions from outsiders. Extinct.
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Presidiales
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Soldiers of the presidios
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Diocese of Monterrey, 1779
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Place where bishop resides and where tax was collected. A tenth of earnings, collected as taxes, are given back to the bishop.
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Diezmos
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Tithes; 10% tax on new wealth.
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Alcabalas
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Sales tax: 4-6%
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Missions
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Main purpose was the conversion of Native Americans to Christianity and educating them to live like the Spanish. Received land grants for farming and ranching. Extinct.
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Franciscan missionaries
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Most missionaries in the Borderlands; all in TX
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Secularization of the missions
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Spanish decided to close missions in the 1790s to give the land to the settlers; went through various stages, final one in 1824 under Mexico.
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Cabildo
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Town government; local self rule. Composed of:
Justicia mayor-legislator, justice, sat on the bench in court
Regidores-city councilman elected by the vecinos (citizens)
Alguacil-peace officer for both civil and church matters
Procurador-lawyer for the town
Lasted.
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Pueblo Revolt
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The only ones who could stand the settlers but they grew tired of them and revolted killing 25% of the Spaniards, led to settlement of El Paso Valley.
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The El Paso Valley 1680
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Spaniards move to the El Paso Valley and bring allies, the Tigua, they remain poor
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La Salle in TX 1680s
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Ft. St. Louis by La Salle of France, Smallpox ravaged the settlement, conflicts with Karankawas, Population dwindled as they tried to get back to Mississippi colony as they were attacked by Native Americans, murdered by his own men at Navasota.
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Coahuila, Presidio de Rio Grande
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The oldest part of Texas; "Mother of Texas"
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Spanish Texas
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Legacy of Texas as part of Spain: 1) People -culture 2) Property Laws -land grants 3) Family Laws -adoptions -community property -inheritance
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Los Adaes
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Its primary purpose was to block French encroachment upon Spain's southwestern possessions; founded by Domingo Ramon. Capital until 1772.
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San Antonio 1718
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First presidio and mission; actual town was founded in 1731 by people from canary islands; had 5 missions total
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Father Margil de Jesus
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Important missionary in New Spain at Santa Cruz and later founded College at Nuestra Señora; Franciscan missionary leader.
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Canary Islanders
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islenos, "special" people asked by King of Spain to come to Texas and established San Fernando de Bexar in 1731 (later San Antonio)
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Labrador
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small farmers
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Ranchero
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Individual family owned ranch business
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Hacendado
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Much bigger, many plots of land apart of, also had agricultural land on it as well. resident class of workers tied to the land-called peones(serfs) (the rancho vs. the hacienda)
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Saltillo Fair, Monterrey Fair
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Saltillo had annual fair where they sold goods for ones not at home; Another fair eventually at Monterrey (utilized different transportation); Valley (Monterrey) was 30x more productive
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Fernando de Veramendi
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merchant and public figure in San Antonio de Béxar. Once established in San Antonio, Veramendi's business thrived. He opened a store, acted as moneylender, and bought extensive tracts of agricultural land. His success allowed him to build an opulent house on Soledad Street that came to b…
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Angel Navarro
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After arriving in 1769, he was employed by Juan Antonio Agustín and worked for him eight years in the silver mines of Vallecillo, about sixty miles south of Laredo, Texas. In 1777, his employment with Agustín ended, Navarro moved to San Antonio to work for himself as a merchant. Navarro …
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Luis Antonio Menchaca
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Justicia mayor of the villa San Fernando; significant rancher; had oldest private land grant; richest man in TX
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Study Guide: Exam 1