PSYC 3100: Test 3
128 Cards in this Set
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Lead Poisoning
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Small amounts seem to matter! Higher concentration = lower IQ, worse motor skills
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Plasticity
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Recovery of behavioral functioning after brain injury or disease.
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Kennard Principle
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The thought that early brain injury is better than later brain injury because there are extra synapses when you're a kid that haven't been pruned yet.
Only true for early, focal injuries (ages 1-4).
Diffuse/Generalized brain injury can stunt development (after age 5 = minimal recove…
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Left vs. Right Damage in Children
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Rarely show aphasias: language transfers to right hemisphere; often worse at visual/spatial tasks and overall intellectual functioning.
"Crowding" effect in the right hemisphere.
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Hydrocephalus
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Too much cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Increased ventricle size.
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Hydrocephalus Causes
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CSF overproduction/secretion.
Obstruction.
Disrupted reabsorption.
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Hydrocephalus Cognitive Effects
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White matter damage.
Visual-Spatial/Perceptual/Motor deficits: cerebellum, corpus callosum.
Poor motor skills: basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor strip.
Memory skills and EF deficits.
Worse academic skills.
Fluent, empty speech.
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Hydrocephalus Treatment
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Shunt into the abdomen; drains CSF into the stomach.
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Turner's Syndrome
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Chromosomal Disorder with a missing/abnormal X chromosome. Have no sex hormones to stimulate the ovaries.
1/2,500-1/5,000 births.
Likely happens at conception.
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Turner's Syndrome Brain Issues
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Reduced volume in parietal and parietal-occipital areas - especially the right side.
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Turner's Syndrome Cognitive Issues
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Immature, overactive, ADHD, compliant, unassertive.
Visuospatial/Mathematic deficits; poor executive functioning - poor inhibition.
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Turner's Syndrome Physical Issues
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Short stature; webbed neck; broad chest; small jaw.
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William's Syndrome
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Genetic disorder: deletion of chromosome 7.
1/20,000-1/50,000.
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William's Syndrome Physical Features
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Elfin Face: broad brow, puffy eyes, small upturned (who-ville) nose, broad nasal bridge, full checks, prominent ears, widely spaced (chicklet) teeth.
Heart and joint issues.
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William's Syndrome Cognitive Abnormalities
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Overall smaller brain (mainly white matter); greater posterior volume loss.
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William's Syndrome Neuropsych. Profile
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Variable intelligence: retardation to low average.
Verbal better than nonverbal.
Focus on faces.
Impaired visuo-constructive skills: drawing, block puzzles (may be due to bad/double vision).
Deficits more in Dorsal (Where) Stream.
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William's Syndrome Musicality
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Normal achievement in music; better than other developmental disorders.
Greater emotional response to music.
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William's Syndrome Personality things
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VERY Sociable; overly happy/friendly; moody/irritable/anxious; too trusting of strangers.
Under-active amygdala when viewing negative faces.
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William's Syndrome Treatment
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Social Skills training; psychotherapy.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Physical Features
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Small head; smooth philtrum; thin upper lip; low nasal bridge; small eye openings; short nose; underdeveloped jaw.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Medical Features
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Seizures; poor coordination; lower IQ; inattention/hyperactive/ADHD; speech delays; cognitive issues.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrom Cognitive Issues
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Executive functions, language, visuospatial, memory, attention, etc. deficits; behavioral difficulties; social problems.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Developmental Course
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Infancy: low birth weight, feeding issues, irritable.
Age 4: motor skills, attention, memory, academics, bed wetting.
2nd Grade: ADHD
Adolescence: behavioral issues, substance use.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Treatment
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Dont drink during pregnancy!
Special education; speech/language therapy; behavioral management; medication for ADHD.
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Dyslexia
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Pattern of learning difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities.
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Nonverbal Learning Disorders (NVLD) Cognitive Deficits
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Visuo-perception, psychomotor, nonverbal problem solving, arithmetic skills, poor understanding of the social/emotional content of language.
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Nonverbal Learning Disorders Social Issues
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Misread feelings, poor eye contact, distance between people, clumsy.
May result in: anxiety, depression, social isolation, getting teased, etc.
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Right Hemisphere Involvement in NVLD
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Specialized in integrating information from other brain areas; forming new rules, strategies, etc.
Frontal lobe involvement likely as well in meta cognition.
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Meta Cognition
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The ability to understand the operation of one's own cognitive processes.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
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1. Social Relationship deficits
2. Unusual Behaviors (Restricted and/or Repetitive interests/behaviors)
3. Communication deficits (eliminated from DSM-5)
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Asperger's Disorder
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Part of Autistic Disorder (eliminated from DSM-5).
Less severe symptoms than Autistic Disorder; less verbal/language delay than traditional Autism.
Studies fail to show difference between this and "high functioning autism".
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Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes
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Medical/genetic condition OR environmental factor OR etiology is unknown and just happens randomly.
NOT linked to vaccinations.
3-6% chance if have close relative
60-92% in identical twins
0-10% in fraternal twins
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ASD Brain Differences
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White matter; Cerebellum (Attention); Limbic/Temporal (Social Cognition, Faces, Emotional - less FFA activation; amygdala differences).
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ASD Cognition Issues
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Tend to be literal and concrete.
Executive Functioning: can't strategize as well; higher order planning deficits; response inhibition; working memory; etc.
Social Cognition: Theory of Mind
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Theory of Mind
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The ability to infer mental states of others
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ASD Course
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Lifelong Disorder. Detectable before the age of 3.
Infant: passive, shy, doesn't exhibit social reciprocity
80% of people can't fully participate in the workforce.
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ASD Treatment
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Behavioral Interventions; Speech Therapy; Special Education; Social Skills Training; Medications to increase safety
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ADHD : Types
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Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
Inattentive; Hyperactive; and Combined Types
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ADHD Brain Difference
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Corpus Callosum
Frontal Lobe: Right PFC Smaller; less activation
Basal Ganglia: Smaller
Cerebellum: Smaller
Dopamine: may be too little
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ADHD Cognitive Issues
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Executive Functioning: Attention, Inhibition, Working Memory
WCST
Complex Trail Test
Stroop Test
Tower of London
Motor Inhibition
Continuous Performance Task
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ADHD Course
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Younger: on the go; prone to accidents; "motorized"
School: trouble focusing; disciplined by teachers; "disruptive"; difficulty following class rules; cooperation with others
Teenagers: worse academic performance; worse peer interactions
Older: less hyperactive, but sometimes mor…
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ADHD Treatment
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Behavioral management: Token Systems; Reward vs. Punishment
Medication: Psychostimulants
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Tourette's Syndrome
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Disorder with vocal and motor tics that cause distress and impairment.
Less than 1% of the population.
Boys > Girls by 4 times
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Tics
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Repetitive, stereotypic, non-rhythmic, re-occcurring motor movements or vocal responses that last ~ 1 second.
Semi-automatic (like yawning); strong urge to do the movement.
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Tourette's Syndrome Course
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Average onset = 7 years old.
Symptoms can wax and wane.
Gets worse in adolescence. Gets better by adulthood.
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Tourette's Syndrome Symptoms
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Common: motor movements; vocal outbursts.
Co-occuring issues: OCD 30-60%; ADHD 25-50%
Uncommon: Cursing/Obscene gestures - less than 10% of the population.
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Tourette's Syndrome Brain Issues
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Dopamine affects rate of tics.
Infections: strep
Motor Symptoms: Reduced Basal Ganglia volume
Disinhibition: Frontal lobe
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Tourette's Syndrome Cognition
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Executive Functioning: Disinhibition
Visuoconstruction/Visuomotor: Basal Ganglia
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Tourette's Syndrome Treatment
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Behavioral - Habit Reversal: make the child feel the urge to do the tic but don't allow them to make the motor movement. Then, have them perform a different movement that will keep them from doing the normal tic-movement.
Medications.
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Anoxia
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No oxygen to the brain.
Due to: stroke, blockage, drowning, etc.
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Hypoxia
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Reduced oxygen to brain. May cause necrosis if it lasts long enough.
Due to: high altitude, deep sea diving, heart issues, sleep apnea, hydrocephalus, etc.
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Necrosis
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Neuron death due to lack of oxygen.
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Types of Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)
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"Temporary Stroke"/TIA
Blockage of an artery
Bleeding due to a hemorrhage
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Ischemia
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Insufficient blood supply to areas of the brain.
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TIA
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Transient Ischemic Attack.
Temporary Ischemia: lack of blood flow.
Higher risk for males, high blood pressure.
Hard to diagnose.
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TIA Symptoms
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Acute symptoms but normally recover in a couple days.
No actual damage to neurons has occurred.
Anterior: clumsy, weak, speaking issues
Posterior: dizzy, numbness, neglect, double vision
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Infarct
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More severe loss of blood supply due to blockage of an artery.
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Types of "ischemic" strokes/infarcts
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Thrombosis
Embolism
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Thrombosis
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Blood clot in the vessel.
Fat builds up in the blood vessel (atherosclerosis) and blocks blood flow.
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Embolism
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Blood clot that has traveled from one part of the body to another part.
Plaque from the heart can break off and travel throughout the body, eventually gets lodged in a blood vessel.
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Hemorrhage
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Rupture of a weak blood vessel which spills blood into the brain.
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Aneurysm
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Weak area in the walls of an artery that cause the artery to balloon.
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Stroke/CVA Cognitive Effects
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Motor/Sensory:motor slowing; paralysis.
Memory: trouble learning new information; short term memory deficits. Especially severe if hippocampal area is damaged.
Attention: especially sustained attention; potentially confused/disoriented.
Abstract Reasoning: impaired judgement; loss of r…
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Right Hemisphere CVA Effects
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Lift-sided weakness; visuospatial/visuoperceptual deficits; wide range of emotions (indifference to euphoria).
Easy to think it's not as serious when, in fact, these individuals stay in rehab facilities longer and they don't lose speech during the stroke.
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Left Hemisphere CVA Effects
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Loss of speech and writing ability; paraphasias and verbal perseverations.
Comprehension issues.
Loss of voluntary movement.
Blind in certain parts of their visual field.
Verbal memory
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Anterior Stroke Effects
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Motor/sensory impairment in the legs.
Prefrontal/executive functioning deficits.
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Posterior Stroke Effects
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Visual field loss.
Sensory loss on one side.
Cerebellum: motor, walking, etc.
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CVA Emotional Changes
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Depression: more common in left hemisphere; not until 6-12 months afterwards.
Apathy: indifference.
Euphoria: mor common in right hemisphere.
Impulsive Emotions/Behavior: labile (emotions can change very quickly); can't wait to do things.
Lack of Inhibition: difficulty starting behavi…
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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Prevalence
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Due to: motor vehicle accidents; falls; sports; assault; etc.
Risk factors: Age (children; older adults); Men > Women
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TBI Physical (Initial) Impact
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Brain hits the inside of the skull. Often bounces off the initial site of impact and then hits the opposite side of the brain.
Causes axons (white matter) to stretch/shear, causing physical damage and neuronal/axonal death.
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TBI Chemical/Biological After Effects
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Brain ions are off balance.
More axons die trying to balance the ions/neurotransmitters in the brain. This can take place days to weeks post-injury.
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Assessing TBI Severity
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Glasgow Coma Scale.
Coma is typically 8 or lower: brain is somewhat alert in coma; many stages to a coma, depending on the level of brain activation.
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Complications with TBI
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Edema: swelling.
Brain Herniation.
Hemorrhage.
Intracranial Bleeding: microscopic hemorrhages; deeper in the brain.
Skull Fracture.
Post-Traumatic Epilepsy: 10-40% of people experience seizures.
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Concussions
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Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (mTBI).
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Concussion Criteria
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Loss of consciousness for less than 30 minutes, if at all.
Memory loss before/after an accident.
Altered mental state.
Focal neurological deficits that may or may not be transient.
Reflect a functional disturbance rather than a structural injury.
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Concussion Symptoms
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Cognitive deficits.
Somatic: headache, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, etc.
Affective: emotional, irritability, fatigue, etc.
Sleep: trouble falling asleep, hypersomnia, insomnia.
Typical: processing speed reduction, attention/concentration, memory, rapid problem solving deficits.
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mTBI Recovery
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Most recover within weeks to 3 months.
Helmets.
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More Serious TBI Treatment
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A: free the Airways from obstructions
B: Breathing, potentially artificially
C: Circulatory system, blood flow, gases, blood pressure.
CT/MRI
Shunts, drugs, blankets for stability in body temperature and intracranial pressure and/or swelling.
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TBI Brain Reorganization/Plasticity
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The behavioral or neural ability to reorganize after a brain injury.
If a neuron is totally severed it will NOT regrow; if it is partially damaged it can re-sprout.
NTs may have more/less of an affect on neurons that before (making them super/less-sensitive).
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Crystallized Intelligence
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Facts that you have learned throughout your life.
Very related to the amount of education you've had.
Does NOT decline much with aging.
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Cognitive Reserve
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The concept that some people just start off higher than others.
Can NOT be measured! Use "proxy" measurements (education, income, socioeconomic status, etc.).
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Fluid Intelligence
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"Adaptability".
"Use it or lose it" theory that the more active you are, the less likely you are to become demented.
Novel Problem Solving/EF; Processing speed; Memory and New learning; Complex Working Memory (digit span backwards).
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Brain Changes with Aging.
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Gets smaller in size and weight; ventricles get bigger; cortex thins; less myelin around axons. Frontal lobe, Hippocampus, and association areas in the Temporal and Parietal lobes more vulnerable to atrophy.
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What Accelerates Brain Changes with Aging?
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Stress.
Higher cortisol levels, predict smaller hippocampus later in life.
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What Helps Decrease Brain Changes with Aging?
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Aerobic Activity.
Associated with better performance on cognitive tests; reduced loss of gray matter in vulnerable atrophy areas; and less reduction in white matter tracts.
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Mild Cognitive Impairment
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The stage between normal aging and Dementia.
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MCI Criteria
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Decline from previous functioning AND low scores in one or more cognitive domains.
No decline in the ability to live independently.
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Dementia
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Umbrella term for a variety of conditions which are characterized by a decline in cognitive functioning AND the loss of the ability to live independently.
A Behavioral Condition NOT related to a specific disease process.
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Dementia Criteria
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Loss of cognitive/intellectual function. Not developmental; more than "normal" aging loss.
One or more areas of cognitive impairment.
Must impair everyday living and functioning.
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Cortical Dementia
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Starts with the cerebral CORTEX. Gray matter, on the surface of the brain.
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Subcortical Dementia
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Affects the white matter of the brain; typically the deeper areas of the brain.
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Progressive Dementia
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It gets worse over time; is related to a disease process.
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Static Dementia
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It does NOT get worse over time.
Related to lead/alcohol, infection, or stroke/vascular issues.
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Delirium
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"Reversible Dementia".
Acute confusion-based state. Resolves in hours to days; can fluctuate.
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Alzheimer's Disease
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The most common dementia.
Defined by certain pathological cells in the brain. It CANNOT be confirmed until the person is dead that the brain is autopsied.
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AD Neurofibrillary Tangles
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Abnormal proteins that accumulate in the limbic structures. ON the Neurons.
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AD Beta-Amyloid Plaques
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Accumulation of "cellular trash" in the frontal, temporal, and hippocampal areas. BETWEEN the Neurons.
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Acetylcholine (ACh) in AD
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Associated with memory and learning.
60-90% reduction in these patients.
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AD Genetic Risk
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Everyone is born with the APOE gene. Each person has 2 alleles. -E2, -E3, -E4.
-E4 is a much higher rate for this disease.
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Cognition in AD
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Poor Memory - Episodic: anterograde amnesia; flat learning curve; misremembers things; repeats the same things; problems with recall and recognition.
Poor Memory - Semantic: Organization in learning/recall is harder; list learning; animal fluency.
Language: word finding difficulties.
V…
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Mood/Psychiatric Effects in AD
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Depression: 40% of people suffer with symptoms of depression.
Suspicious of others/paranoia
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Dementia Treatments
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No cure for these.
4 FDA approved drugs that inhibit breakdown of ACh for AD. Mainly prescribed at the MCI stage.
Medication for mood symptoms.
Memory Training.
Controlling underlying medical conditions.
Physical Exercise.
Cognitive Stimulation & Coping Skills
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Dementia Preventions
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Don't smoke.
Control blood pressure.
Physical activity.
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Parkinson's Disease
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A movement disorder. Gets worse over time.
1% of people over the age of 50 have it. Can onset earlier though.
Some people get dementia, but not all.
25-30% have dementia with this. 12% in their 50s. 70% in their 80s.
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PD in the Brain
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Deficits in ability to break down dopamine in the Substantia Nigra (part of the Basal Ganglia system).
Loss of connections to the prefrontal cortex.
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PD Criteria
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Resting Tremors
Rigid Joints: Cog Wheel Rigidity
Slowness of Movement: Bradykinesia (better when moving; worse when stressed).
Other: soft voice; trouble swallowing; falls; small handwriting; "masked faces".
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PD Basic Diagnosis Evaluations
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Slow on speeded tasks.
PET Scan (DAT Scan): decreased dopaminergic activity in the substantia nigra.
Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale
Normal CT/MRI
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Cognitive Issues in Regular PD
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Visuospatial: especially bad if tremor is left-sided.
EF: problem solving.
Temporal Ordering
Language: Articulation difficulties; monotone.
Depression: VERY high chance
Paranoia and Hallucinations
Emotion: difficulty showing angry or surprised faces but can recognize these emotions
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Cognitive Issues in PD-Dementia
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Memory: on average, onsets 7 years after diagnosis of PD.
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Treatment of PD
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Medications: Levodopa & Carbidopa. Converted to dopamine in the brain and increases the amount of dopamine in the synapse.
Speech/Physical Therapy
Surgery: Pallidotomy (lesion of the globus pallidus in the basal ganglia; keeps motor system from being overactive which helps with slow mov…
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Huntington's Disease
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Genetic condition; too many repeats of a certain part of a gene. 50% chance of getting it if a parent has it.
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HD Brain Abnormalities
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Deterioration of the Caudate Nucleus (part of the basal ganglia). Appears much smaller than expected on MRIs.
Too much dopamine being released, causing uncontrollable movements.
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HD Physical Symptoms
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Chorea: twisting, writhing, grimacing movements of the face and body.
Garbled speech.
Clumsy, uncoordinated, pauses of movement.
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HD Cognitive Symptoms
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EF, Attention/Concentration (prefrontal cortex)
Memory: encoding and recognition is fine, recall is bad (frontal issue > temporal/hippocampal issue)
Spatial
Mood/Emotional: Depression; mania; suicide (7.3%; 27% attempt).
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Five Factor Model (FFM)
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OCEAN
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
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Neuroticism
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Tendency to experience negative emotions often. Prone to experiencing distress.
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Extraversion
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Tendency to be dominant in social situations; outgoing. Experience positive emotions.
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Openness to Experience
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Active seeking; appreciate experiences for their own sake. Open-minded; intellectual curiosity.
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Agreeableness
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Interpersonal interactions characterized by compassion. How well someone gets along with others.
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Antagonism
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Opposite of agreeableness.
Related to a number of personality disorders
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Conscientiousness
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Degree of organization, persistence, control, and motivation to goal-directed behavior.
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Why is the FFM better than something like the MBTI?
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It is based on factor analysis related to descriptors of most important personality characteristics found in language.
MBTI does not rely on a continuum. It is not reliable or based on data/empirical evidence. It is like a horoscope.
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James-Lange Theory of Emotions
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We feel (emotions) BECAUSE we experience (physiological reaction).
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
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Emotions and physiological reactions are SIMULTANEOUS.
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Primary Emotions
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Automatic emotions; happens before or simultaneously with conscious awareness; universal.
Fear, disgust, surprise, anger, joy, etc.
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Secondary Emotions
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Higher cortical processing (prefrontal cortex); acquired through learning/experience.
Social emotions: embarrassment, pride, shame, anxiety, etc.
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Psychopathy Aspects
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Failure to comply with social norms.
Violation of the rights of others.
Irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful.
Lacks empathy and remorse.
Low on Agreeableness and Conscientiousness in FFM.
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Psychopathy Brain Changes
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Prefrontal cortex: impulsivity (smaller; abnormal/atypical activity).
Limbic System: amygdala (smaller; less activity).
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PSYC 3100: Exam 2