PSYC 3100: Exam 2
39 Cards in this Set
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Tolerance
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Refers to an individuals reduced response to the drug or the need for more drug to achieve the intended effect
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Dispositional Tolerance
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Upregulates metabolic pathway (need more)
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Functional Tolerance
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How body chances due to the neural pathway changes
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Behavioral Tolerance
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Learned tolerance via associative conditioning
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Drug use in Same Context
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Associations between environmental stimuli and drug use result in conditioned responses that reduce the effect of the drug
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Cross-tolerance
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Drugs of similar pharmacodynamic properties will share levels of functional tolerance
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Reverse tolerance
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Sensitization or reversal of drug effects
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Differential tolerance
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Rapid tolerance of some effects while limited tolerance to other drug effects
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Thorndike's (1911) Law of Effect
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Behavior is governed by its outcome (stimulus response learning)
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Skinnerian Operant Conditioning
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Behavior is governed by consequences (positive and negative reinforcement)
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Fixed Ratio
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Reinforcement contingent on a fixed number of responses
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Fixed Interval
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Reinforcement contingent on responding after a fixed time period
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Variable Ratio
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Reinforcement contingent on an average number of responses
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Variable Interval
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Reinforcement contingent on responding after an average time period
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Puzzle Box (cat exp)
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Getting out of box was a response to learn, trial and error learning
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Psychoactive Drug Use via Operant Conditioning
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Feel good is a positive reinforcement, feel less bad is negative reinforcement, insensitive to punishment
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History of Cocaine
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Indigenous South Americans used for recreational, spiritual, and medical use (to work harder and longer)
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When did isolation of the cocaine alkaloid?
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1855/1860
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Cocaine Binding site
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Potent agonist of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway
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Effects on DA neurotransmission
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Cocaine prevents reuptake of dopamine, Causes release of cAMP
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Difference in Pharmacokinetics in Crack
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Difference in surface area and efficiency (crack has a shorter and more efficient path to the brain than snorted cocaine)
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What do all amphetamines share in common?
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They all share an identical amine molecular nucleus and are sympathomimetics
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What do Amphetamines stimulate?
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The mesolimbic dopamine pathway
VTA->NAcc->Frontal lobes
Enter DA vesibles and promote release of dopamine and impede reuptake of DA from the synapse
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Behavioral treatments
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Substantial heterogeneity in general
Common components:
Stabilization
Detoxification
Psychoeducation
Dyad Focused: Behavioral couples treatment
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Pharmacological treatments
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Anti-withdrawal medications
Anti-craving medications
Aversion therapy medications
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Self-help/mutual help groups
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Alcoholics anonymous
Narcotics anonymous
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Early history of Nicotine
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Indigenous Americans then widespread use in Europe, Asia,
Widespread Medicinal Use
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Date of the Isolation of Nicotine
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1828, Jean Nicot
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Peak of Nicotine Use in US
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1963
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Pharmacodynamics of Nicotine
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Operates via stimulation of nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
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Direct effects on nAChRs
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ACh release actives DA release in VTA --> Nacc -->PFC
Additional effects via GABA, glutamate, opioid neurotransmission
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Behavioral Treatments of Nicotine
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Five A's: Ask, advise, Assess, Asist, Arrage a follow-up
Individual counseling
Group Counseling
Telephone Support
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FDA approved Pharmacological treatments
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Nicotine replacement therapy
Buproprion (zyban) DA and NE reuptake inhibitor and nicotinic antagonist
Varenicline (Chantix)- partial nicotinic agonist
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Are E-Ciggs Healthy or Harmful
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Studys somewhat support both but there is a clear need for further study
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Alcohol
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Chemically, any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group
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Types of Alcohol
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Isopropyl
Methyl
Ethanol
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US Standard drink
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14g of ethanol
Beer: 12oz 5%
Wine 5oz 12%
Liquor 1.5oz 40%
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Epidemiology of US Alcohol use
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Ever consume: 98%
Annual Use: 80%
Last Month 63%
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Pharmacokinetics of Alcohol
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Ingested orally, first-pass metabolism
Peak plasma concentrations are 30-90 minutes following consumption
Metabolized 10-14g/hour
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PSYC 3100: Exam 2